VIII. Grammar: Questions

Put questions to the words in bold.

1. Thousands of years ago people valued gold as a rare and beautiful substance.

2. One of the most interesting periods in chemistry was that of the alchemists.

3. Chemistry implies the study of elements and their compounds.

4. M.V. Lomonosov discovered the law of the conservation of matter.

5. Chemists are trying to improve the properties of plastics.

6. The world is thankful to Mendeleev for his great contribution to the world science.

7. It is usually possible to change matter from one state to the other by changing its temperature.

8. You must obey the laboratory rules.

9. The ancient elements have been known for so long that no one can say how they were named.

10. Three-quarters of the Earth’s surface is covered by water.

11. A journalist is interviewing a famous scientist who has just synthesized a new compound.

12. The process of vaporization requires the addition of heat to the liquid.

13. The first attempts to isolate this metal from its oxide were made by Davy.

14. Apart from oxygen and nitrogen, there are only small amounts of gases in the air.

15. Most of the organic chemicals we have nowadays are man-made and are obtained directly from organisms.

IX. Choose one of the topics below and write a report (150-200 words): Properties of Carbon, Carbon bonds, Hydrocarbons and their isomers, Derivatives of hydrocarbons, Types of polymers.

Appendix. Chemical notation.

I. Elements (symbol, atomic number, English pronunciation).

Ac 89 actinium ak’tiniəm a Ag 47 silver silvə Al 13 aluminium alə’miniəm Am 95 americium əme‘risiəm Ar 18 argon ‘a:gən As 33 arsenic ‘a:sənik At 85 astatium əs‘teitiəm Au 79 gold, aurum ‘gəuld; ‘o:rəm B 5 boron ‘bo:ron Ba 56 barium ‘beəriəm Be 4 beryllium bə‘riliəm Bh 107 bohrium ‘bo:riəm Bi 83 bismuth ‘bizməɵ Bk 97 berkelium bə:’keiliəm Br 35 bromine ‘brəumi:n C 6 carbon ‘ka:bən Ca 20 calcium ‘kalsiəm Cd 48 cadmium ‘kadmiəm Ce 58 cerium ‘siəriəm Cf 98 californium ,kali’fo:niəm Cl 17 chlorine ‘klo:ri:n Cm 96 curium ‘kjuəriəm Cn 112 copernicium kopən’i:šiəm Co 27 cobalt ‘kəu,bo:lt Cr 24 chromium ‘krəumiəm, Cs 55 caesium ‘si:ziəm Cu 29 copper, cuprum ‘kopə, ‘kju:prəm Db 105 dubnium ‘dubniəm Ds 110 darmstadtium ,da:m’statiəm Dy 66 dysprosium ,dis’prəuziəm Es 99 einsteinium ,ain’stainiəm Er 68 erbium ‘ə:biəm Eu 63 europium ,juə’rəupiəm F 9 fluorine ‘fluəri:n Fe 26 iron, ferrum ‘aiən, ‘ferəm Fl 114 flerovium fle’rəuviəm Fm 100 fermium ‘fə:miəm Fr 87 francium ‘fransiəm Ga 31 gallium ‘galiəm Gd 64 gadolinium ,gadə’liniəm Ge 23 germanium ,džə:’meiniəm H 1 hydrogen ‘haidrədžən He 2 helium ‘hi:liəm Hf 72 hafnium ‘ha:fniəm Hg 80 mercury ‘mə:kjuri Ho 67 holmium ‘həulmiəm Hs 108 hassium ‘hasiəm I 53 iodine ‘aiədi:n Lw 103 lawrentium ,lo:’rentiəm Md 101 mendelevium ,mendə’li:viəm Mg 12 magnesium mag’ni:ziəm Mn 25 manganese ‘mangəni:z Th 90 thorium ‘ɵo:riəm Ti 22 titanium tai’teiniəm Tl 81 thallium ‘ɵaliəm Tm 69 thullium ‘ɵju:liəm Yb 70 ytterbium i’tə:biəm Zn 30 zinc ‘zink Zr 40 zirconium zə’kəuniəm

In 49 indium ‘indiəm Ir 77 iridium ai’ridiəm K 19 potassium pə’tasiəm Kr 36 krypton ‘kriptən La 57 lanthanum ‘lanɵənəm Li 3 lithium ‘liɵiəm Lu 71 lutecium lu’ti:šiəm Lv 116 livermorium ,livə’mo:riəm Mo 42 molybdenum mə’libdinəm Mt 109 meitnerium mait’ne:riəm Ra 88 radium ‘reidiəm Rb 37 rubidium ru’bidiəm Re 75 rhenium ‘ri:niəm Rf 104 rutherfordium raθə’fo:diəm Rg 111 roentgenium ,rən’dži:niəm Rh 45 rhodium ‘rəudiəm Rn 86 radon ‘reidən Ru 44 ruthenium ,ru:’ɵiniəm S 16 sulphur ‘salfə Sb 51 antimony ‘antiməni Sc 21 scandium ‘skandiəm Se 34 selenium si’liniəm Sg 106 seaborgium si:’bogiəm Si 14 silicon ‘silikən Sm 62 samarium sə’ma:riəm Sn 50 tin, stannum ‘tin, ‘stanəm Sr 38 strontium ‘strontiəm Ta 73 tantalum ‘tantələm Tb 65 terbium ‘tə:biəm Tc 43 technecium tek’nišiəm Te 52 tellurium te’ljuəriəm N 7 nitrogen ‘naitrədžən Na 11 sodium ´səudiəm Nb 41 niobium nai’əubiəm Nd 60 neodymium niə’dimiəm Ne 10 neon ‘ni:on Ni 28 nickel ‘nikl No 102 nobelium ,nəu’bi:liəm Np 93 neptunium ,nep’tju:niəm O 8 oxygen ‘oksidž(ə)n Os 76 osmium ‘ozmiəm P 15 phosphorus ‘fosfərəs Pa 91 protactinium ,proutak’tiniəm Pb 82 lead, plumbum ‘led, ‘plambəm Pd 46 palladium pə’leidiəm Pm 61 prometheum prə’mi:ɵiəm Po 84 polonium pə’ləuniəm Pr 59 praseodymium ,praziə’dimiəm Pt 78 platinum ‘platinəm Pu 94 plutonium ,plu:’təouniəm U 92 uranium ju’reiniəm Uuo 118 ununoctium ə,nan’oktiəm Uup 115 ununpentium ə,nan’pentiəm Uus 117 ununseptium ə,nan’septiəm Uut 113 ununtrium ə’nantriəm V 23 vanadium və’neidiəm W 74 tungsten ‘taɳstən Xe 54 xenon ‘zi:nən Y 39 yttrium ‘itriəm