1. The English sound system. Principles of classification of vowels.

Phonetics is a discipline of linguistics that focuses on the study of the sounds used in speech.Vowel is a sound when the air stream has no obstruction on its during of articulation.Vowels are classified according to tongue position(horizontal(fully front v-s[e,i:],front retreated v-s[i],mixed v-s[ə],back advanced v-s[u:],back v-s) & vertical(close[u:][i:][i][u],mid-open[e],open[a:][ æ])),lip position(labialized[u:][ ɔ:],non-labialized[ɜ͟:]), length(short & long), the degree of tenseness, the stability of articulation(monophtong[u],diphthong[au],diphtongoid[i:][u:]).

2. The English sound system Principles of classification of consonants

Phonetics is a discipline of linguistics that focuses on the study of the sounds used in speech.Consonant is a sound when the air stream has obstruction on its during of articulation.Consonants are classified according to:

1.type of obstruction & kind of noise:occlusive(plosive[p][b] & nasal[m][n][l]), constrictive(fricative[f][v] & sonant[j][w]), affricates[tS][dз]

2.the work of active organ of speech & place of obstruction: fore lingual(apical-alveolar[t][d], apical-dental[Ө],curcuminal[r]),medio lingual(palatal), back lingual(velar[ŋ], glottal[h])

3.labio-dental[t][v] & bilabial[b][p]

4.the work of vocal cords & the force of articulation(lenis[b][d] & fortis [p][f])

14. Classification of Basic Intonation Patterns.

All the basic intonation patterns can be contrasted to one another both inform and meaning. The basic intonation patterns are associated with a complete communicative unit. The notion of a basic pattern refers to a simple tune functioning within an independent utterance.In the description of the English intonation system intonation patterns are traditionally presented as pitch-patterns, or contours. Pitch features are inseparable from stress and from rhythm. Stress influences the speed of utterance and is itself influenced by the tempo of speech.

The Basic int.patterns are divided into: the rising tone-pattern, the falling tone-pattern, the falling-rising tone-pattern and the rising-falling to ne-pattern.Within each of the four tone patterns there is a further division in accordance with the accepted functional variation of the nuclear tones.Each tone pattern is realized in a number of tunes. The most important subdivision is into tunes having a head and those without a head.

15. The principles of dividing utterances into intonation groups

Analysis of English utterances into intonation-groups shows that they are co-extensive with a stretch of speech of various grammatical nature: an independent sentence, a principal or a subordinate clause, two or even more clauses, a group of words or even one word. An intonation-group corresponding to a grammatical sentence is marked by specific characteristics of tone, stress and duration, serving to express semantic completeness and independence -the relevant features of an utterance. An intonation-group of this kind is defined as a simple tune. Utterances which are composed of more than one intonation-croup form a combined tune. Their division is based both on physiological convenience on the complexity of information. Prosodic division is typically optional in expanded simple sentences with adverbial modifiers of different kinds, complex sentences with object, relative or attributive clauses and some others. An intonation boundary is obligatory highly probable in complex sentences with subordinate clauses of condition, cause, time concession, result, comparison and some others. The choice of a number of intonation-groups in an utterance also depends on the type and form of speech.