- •Unit I For Study
- •1. Vocabulary.
- •2. Supply the sentences with the missing words, given in brackets below.
- •Reading Practice
- •What is Law?
- •Comprehension Check
- •8. Pick out from the text all the word combinations with the following words (terms) and give their Russian equivalents.
- •Written Practice
- •1. In order to retell the text it's always necessary to compress the information contained in paragraphs. So make the following sentences shorter retaining the main idea.
- •2. Translate the following text in written form.
- •Discussion Points
- •Extra Activity
- •1. Read the following newspaper article and say what your verdict would be in the similar case. Good Excuse for Speeding
- •2. Read the story and answer the question.
- •Read for Enjoyment
- •Unit 2 For Study
- •1. Vocabulary.
- •2. Supply the sentences with the missing words, given in brackets below.
- •Reading Practice
- •Sources of Modern Law
- •Comprehension Check
- •Written Practice
- •2. Translate the following microtext in written form.
- •Discussion Points
- •Extra Activity
- •1. Look through the newspaper extract and think of a reason for the young man's arrest. Give your own verdict whether the man is guilty or innocent. Fag End of the Evening. From upi in Dallas
- •2. Read the next article and make comments on it. Who is to blame in the case? Entitle the text
- •3. Work in pairs. You are a policeman and your partner is a witness or you are a detective and your partner is one of Steven’s friends. Ask all possible questions. Read for Enjoyment
- •Unit 3 For Study
- •1. Vocabulary.
- •2. Supply the sentences with the missing words, given in brackets below.
- •Reading Practice
- •Continental Systems
- •Comprehension Check
- •Written Practice
- •2. Translate the following into English:
- •Discussion Points
- •Extra Activity
- •Prison Cell Forgery (подделка) of Cheque Books
- •Read for Enjoyment
- •Unit 4 For Study
- •1. Vocabulary.
- •2. Supply the sentences with the missing words, given in brackets below.
- •Reading Practice
- •Civil and Public Law
- •Comprehension Check
- •Look through the text and say whether the following statements are true or false:
- •Written Practice
- •1. Make the following sentences shorter retaining the main idea.
- •2. Render the following in Russian.
- •Discussion Points
- •Extra Activity
- •1. Complete this questionnaire. If you wouldn't make any of the choices suggested, then add one of your own.
- •2. Here is the crime solved by Detective Shadow. What is the solution?
- •1. Vocabulary.
- •2. Supply the sentences with the missing words, given in brackets below.
- •Reading Practice
- •Criminal Law
- •Comprehension Check
- •In paragraph 1 find the sentences to prove that in different countries there are different attitudes towards crime.
- •Reread paragraph 2 and 3 and name the theme, which connects them. Match the terms and their definitions. Consult the glossary if necessary.
- •On the basis of paragraphs 4 and 5 expand the following statements. Add information from the text.
- •Look through paragraphs 6 and 7 and try to answer the following questions.
- •Written Practice
- •Make the following sentences shorter, retaining the main idea.
- •Render the following into Russian. What is the Purpose of the Trial?
- •Discussion Points
- •Extra Activity
- •Here is the crime solved by Detective Shadow. What is the solution?
- •Look at the extracts from newspapers given below and match them with the suitable word in the brackets.
- •1. Vocabulary.
- •Supply the sentences with the missing words, given in brackets below.
- •Reading Practice
- •Enforcing the Law
- •Comprehension Check
- •Written Practice
- •Render the following into English.
- •Discussion Points
- •Extra Activity
- •1. Here is the crime solved by Detective Shadow. What is the solution?
- •2. Read the text and answer the question below. He Demanded Two Parachutes
- •Unit 7 For Study
- •1. Vocabulary.
- •Supply the sentences with the missing words, given in brackets below.
- •Reading Practice
- •Major and Minor Crimes
- •Comprehension Check
- •1. Look through paragraph 2 and explain the difference between a felony and a misdemeanor. What crimes in your country are regarded as felonies and what as misdemeanors?
- •2. Reread paragraphs 3 and 4 and name the theme, which connects them. Match the terms and their definitions. Consult the glossary if necessary.
- •3. Look through the text and say whether the following statements are false or true.
- •4. Match the English phrases with their Russian equivalents.
- •5. Look through the text and answer the following questions.
- •Written Practice
- •Translate the following and give the title of the text in Russian.
- •Translate the following into English.
- •Discussion Points
- •Extra Activity
- •1. Read the text below carefully and answer the questions as briefly as possible.
- •2. Comment on the following differences in legal consequences for felonies and misdemeanors. Compare them with those in your country.
- •Read for Enjoyment
- •Unit 8 For Study
- •1. Vocabulary.
- •2. Supply the sentences with the missing words, given in brackets below.
- •Reading Practice
- •Defences
- •Comprehension Check
- •Look through the text and say whether the following statements are true or false.
- •Discussion Points
- •Extra Activity
- •1. Read the text and do the tasks that follow. Helicopter Plucks Two from Jail
- •2. Read the text and comment on its contents. Give the annotation of it in Russian. Duress
- •Read for Enjoyment
- •The Lawyer and the Horse
- •Unit 9 For Study
- •1. Vocabulary.
- •Reading Practice
- •Civil and Criminal Penalties
- •Comprehension Check
- •Written practice
- •Discussion Points
- •Extra Activity
- •The Prison Cell
- •1. Vocabulary.
- •Supply the sentences with the missing words given in brackets below.
- •Reading Practice
- •Small Business and the Law
- •Comprehension Check
- •Written Practice
- •1. Render the following in English.
- •Render the following into Russian and entitle the text.
- •Extra Activity
- •1. Look at the title of the newspaper article and say what information you think it will contain. Read the article and do the task. Manslaughter Charge Inroad Rage Case
- •Comprehension Check
- •Written Practice
- •Discussion Point
- •Extra Activity
- •1. Say what you know about these famous human rights advocates and the contributions they made in fight for human rights:
- •2. Read the news story and do the tasks that follow. Passenger Stabbed Attacker on Tube with a Swordstick
- •Comprehension Check
- •Written Practice
- •2. Translate the following into English.
- •Discussion Points
- •Extra Activity
- •1. Read the two case histories below and decide which offences Jack and Annette have committed: Two Cases
- •2. Read the following phrase carefully and say how the criminal betrayed himself.
- •Read for Enjoyment He Earned his Dollar
- •I. Read the following text and answer the questions. Categories of Human Rights
- •II. Write a 120-180-word summary of the text.
- •I. Think ahead. Before reading the article answer the following questions: “What is capital punishment? Can you name any countries which have it?” Capital Punishment: For and Against
- •II. Write a paragraph containing two arguments for and a paragraph containing two arguments against capital punishment.
- •I. Read the following text and compare Criminal Code with Economic Crime in Russia and Belarus New Criminal Code to Deal with Economic Crime
- •The Organization of the Federal Courts Today
- •I. Draw the pyramid of the federal courts and write down all the names of the courts. Do the same with the system of courts in your country.
- •II. Make the plan of the text.
- •I. Read the following text. Comment on its title. The Sources of English Law
- •II. Divide the text into logically connected parts and give the title to each of the parts. Write a short summary of the text.
- •The Investigation of a Murder in Detroit
- •I. List the succession of actions in the order which they come in the text.
- •II. Find the sentences in the text to prove the cruelty of the Black Legion. Comment on the methods of the Black Legion.
- •Criminology
- •I. List all transnational crimes and give their definitions with the help of the glossary or with your own words. Translate them into Russian.
- •II. Choose any three groups of crimes to speak about their state in your country.
- •I. Read the text and answer the questions after it. Homicide
- •II. Write a 120-180-word summary of the text.
- •The Case for the Defence
- •The story
- •The Case for the Defence
- •I. Pick out facts supporting the author’s view that it was indeed the strangest murder trial he had ever attended.
- •II. Write a 120-180-word summary of the text.
- •I. Read the text and give your own title to it.
- •II. Answer the following questions.
- •Legal terms
- •In Context
- •Using the Words
- •Legal profession
- •Law in belarus
- •Main features of law in belarus
- •To Unit 1
- •I. Put each of the following words and phrases into its correct place in the passage below.
- •II. Choose the correct answer.
- •To Unit 2
- •To Unit 3
- •To Unit 4
- •To Unit 5
- •To Unit 6
- •To Unit 7
- •To Unit 8
- •To Unit 9
- •To Unit 10
- •Trial by Jury
- •To Unit 11
- •Glossary
Extra Activity
1. Say what you know about these famous human rights advocates and the contributions they made in fight for human rights:
Andrey D. Sakharov, a prominent scientist
Alexander J. Solzhenitsyn, a gifted contemporary writer, a Nobel prize winner
Anatoly F. Marchenko, a talented writer who died in prison in 1986 after 19 years of imprisonment on political charges
Sergei Kovalev, a well known political figure in Russia, who was the first human rights adviser to the President of Russia.
2. Read the news story and do the tasks that follow. Passenger Stabbed Attacker on Tube with a Swordstick
A Commuter carrying a swordstick stabbed a man in the stomach after he tried to strangle him on a London Underground train, a court was told yesterday.
Mr. Edward Cook drew his swordstick as he was held by the neck and his head was repeatedly struck against a door, it was said in Wood Green Crown Court.
The court heard that Mr. Cook, aged 56, was returning home on the Victoria Line when two young men attacked him.
"One of them pushed him against the door of the carriage, holding him by the neck and banging him against the door. At that stage he took out his sword and used it on the person attacking him," Mr. Michael Lawson, for the prosecution, told the jury.
The attacker, who smelled strongly of alcohol, was taken to hospital and treated for the wound. Mr. Сook was arrested and charged with possessing an offensive weapon. He told police he carried the swordstick for self-defence while walking in Epping Forest. Mr. Lawson said there was no lasting injury to the attacker.
After the incident Mr. Cook was interviewed by police and explained why he used the swordstick.
He said: "l did it as a last means of self-defence. It was a desperate act as my life was in danger."
The walking stick, which was unscrewed to reveal a three-foot long blade and cost Mr. Cook 400, was shown to the jury.
The case continues today.
1. What was Mr Cook charged with?
2. What arguments do you think were used in court by the prosecution (by the defence)?
3. Which of these things do you think happened at the end of the trial? -Mr. Cook was found not guilty. -He was found guilty and was sent to prison. -He was found guilty and had to pay a fine.
Read for Enjoyment
Prisoner: "Judge, I don t know what to do."
Judge: "Why, how’s that?"
Prisoner: "I swore to tell the truth, but every time I try some lawyer objects."
UNIT 12
Reading Practice
Before reading think about the following points.
What do you understand by human rights?
How are human rights protected in your country?
Human Rights
1. In 1960, Peter Benenson, a British lawyer, read about two students who had been sentenced to seven years' imprisonment for drinking a toast to freedom during the Salazar dictatorship in Portugal. He joined with others to start a campaign for prisoners of conscience-people who had never used or advocated violence and were simply in prison because of their political or religious beliefs. This was the beginning of Amnesty International, the largest of many organizations in the world which put pressure on governments to observe human rights. By gathering information, creating publicity and writing letters, Amnesty has helped to speed up the release of such prisoners all over the world. It also campaigns for fair trials for political prisoners, an end to torture and inhuman treatment, and the abolition of the death penalty. Amnesty and other groups, such as the Anti-Slavery Society and Index on Censorship, have helped make more and more people aware of the concept of human rights-rights that go beyond the laws of one country.
2. Yet, not everyone agrees that merely being born as a human being entitles someone to certain freedoms and treatment, and those who do agree have different opinions as to what these rights are. Many of the rights of citizens are also considered human rights. What needs to be considered here more than the nature of such rights is to whom they apply. A constitutional right is one which a state guarantees to its own citizens and, sometimes, to foreigners who are within its jurisdiction. But a human right is one to which people all over the world are entitled, whatever their nationality and wherever they live.
3. Most of the law in the world is made by individual governments for their own people. But human rights transcend political divisions. They are basic minimum standards of freedom and security for all. When governments fail to meet these standards, they are criticized by their own citizens, individuals in other countries, and even by foreign governments. Alleging human rights violations, some countries have imposed economic sanctions against others. Many countries have restricted trade to South Africa because of its policy of apartheid. Human rights have been cited as a reason for military intervention against foreign countries - for example, by the Indians in former East Pakistan, the Vietnamese in Cambodia - although there were undoubtedly other reasons for such intervention.
4. Is criticism of, and even intervention against, another country justified? There is both a moral and a legal side to this question. Opponents of interference argue that moral standards are the products of different cultures and it is wrong for one culture to impose its values on another. In reply to criticism of its policies in China and Tibet, the Chinese government has repeatedly argued that international human rights organizations make judgements based on the values of Western capitalist nations and that China has its own values which put more emphasis upon economic security and community solidarity. The governments of some Islamic states have defended the veiling of women and cutting off the hands of thieves as practices founded in their religion and which ensure a safe society. On the legal side, some have argued that the independence of nation states is the basis of the United Nations, the fundamental body of international law and order, and that when one country interferes in the affairs of another it is because its economic and military power, not its human rights policies, is superior.