- •Unit I For Study
- •1. Vocabulary.
- •2. Supply the sentences with the missing words, given in brackets below.
- •Reading Practice
- •What is Law?
- •Comprehension Check
- •8. Pick out from the text all the word combinations with the following words (terms) and give their Russian equivalents.
- •Written Practice
- •1. In order to retell the text it's always necessary to compress the information contained in paragraphs. So make the following sentences shorter retaining the main idea.
- •2. Translate the following text in written form.
- •Discussion Points
- •Extra Activity
- •1. Read the following newspaper article and say what your verdict would be in the similar case. Good Excuse for Speeding
- •2. Read the story and answer the question.
- •Read for Enjoyment
- •Unit 2 For Study
- •1. Vocabulary.
- •2. Supply the sentences with the missing words, given in brackets below.
- •Reading Practice
- •Sources of Modern Law
- •Comprehension Check
- •Written Practice
- •2. Translate the following microtext in written form.
- •Discussion Points
- •Extra Activity
- •1. Look through the newspaper extract and think of a reason for the young man's arrest. Give your own verdict whether the man is guilty or innocent. Fag End of the Evening. From upi in Dallas
- •2. Read the next article and make comments on it. Who is to blame in the case? Entitle the text
- •3. Work in pairs. You are a policeman and your partner is a witness or you are a detective and your partner is one of Steven’s friends. Ask all possible questions. Read for Enjoyment
- •Unit 3 For Study
- •1. Vocabulary.
- •2. Supply the sentences with the missing words, given in brackets below.
- •Reading Practice
- •Continental Systems
- •Comprehension Check
- •Written Practice
- •2. Translate the following into English:
- •Discussion Points
- •Extra Activity
- •Prison Cell Forgery (подделка) of Cheque Books
- •Read for Enjoyment
- •Unit 4 For Study
- •1. Vocabulary.
- •2. Supply the sentences with the missing words, given in brackets below.
- •Reading Practice
- •Civil and Public Law
- •Comprehension Check
- •Look through the text and say whether the following statements are true or false:
- •Written Practice
- •1. Make the following sentences shorter retaining the main idea.
- •2. Render the following in Russian.
- •Discussion Points
- •Extra Activity
- •1. Complete this questionnaire. If you wouldn't make any of the choices suggested, then add one of your own.
- •2. Here is the crime solved by Detective Shadow. What is the solution?
- •1. Vocabulary.
- •2. Supply the sentences with the missing words, given in brackets below.
- •Reading Practice
- •Criminal Law
- •Comprehension Check
- •In paragraph 1 find the sentences to prove that in different countries there are different attitudes towards crime.
- •Reread paragraph 2 and 3 and name the theme, which connects them. Match the terms and their definitions. Consult the glossary if necessary.
- •On the basis of paragraphs 4 and 5 expand the following statements. Add information from the text.
- •Look through paragraphs 6 and 7 and try to answer the following questions.
- •Written Practice
- •Make the following sentences shorter, retaining the main idea.
- •Render the following into Russian. What is the Purpose of the Trial?
- •Discussion Points
- •Extra Activity
- •Here is the crime solved by Detective Shadow. What is the solution?
- •Look at the extracts from newspapers given below and match them with the suitable word in the brackets.
- •1. Vocabulary.
- •Supply the sentences with the missing words, given in brackets below.
- •Reading Practice
- •Enforcing the Law
- •Comprehension Check
- •Written Practice
- •Render the following into English.
- •Discussion Points
- •Extra Activity
- •1. Here is the crime solved by Detective Shadow. What is the solution?
- •2. Read the text and answer the question below. He Demanded Two Parachutes
- •Unit 7 For Study
- •1. Vocabulary.
- •Supply the sentences with the missing words, given in brackets below.
- •Reading Practice
- •Major and Minor Crimes
- •Comprehension Check
- •1. Look through paragraph 2 and explain the difference between a felony and a misdemeanor. What crimes in your country are regarded as felonies and what as misdemeanors?
- •2. Reread paragraphs 3 and 4 and name the theme, which connects them. Match the terms and their definitions. Consult the glossary if necessary.
- •3. Look through the text and say whether the following statements are false or true.
- •4. Match the English phrases with their Russian equivalents.
- •5. Look through the text and answer the following questions.
- •Written Practice
- •Translate the following and give the title of the text in Russian.
- •Translate the following into English.
- •Discussion Points
- •Extra Activity
- •1. Read the text below carefully and answer the questions as briefly as possible.
- •2. Comment on the following differences in legal consequences for felonies and misdemeanors. Compare them with those in your country.
- •Read for Enjoyment
- •Unit 8 For Study
- •1. Vocabulary.
- •2. Supply the sentences with the missing words, given in brackets below.
- •Reading Practice
- •Defences
- •Comprehension Check
- •Look through the text and say whether the following statements are true or false.
- •Discussion Points
- •Extra Activity
- •1. Read the text and do the tasks that follow. Helicopter Plucks Two from Jail
- •2. Read the text and comment on its contents. Give the annotation of it in Russian. Duress
- •Read for Enjoyment
- •The Lawyer and the Horse
- •Unit 9 For Study
- •1. Vocabulary.
- •Reading Practice
- •Civil and Criminal Penalties
- •Comprehension Check
- •Written practice
- •Discussion Points
- •Extra Activity
- •The Prison Cell
- •1. Vocabulary.
- •Supply the sentences with the missing words given in brackets below.
- •Reading Practice
- •Small Business and the Law
- •Comprehension Check
- •Written Practice
- •1. Render the following in English.
- •Render the following into Russian and entitle the text.
- •Extra Activity
- •1. Look at the title of the newspaper article and say what information you think it will contain. Read the article and do the task. Manslaughter Charge Inroad Rage Case
- •Comprehension Check
- •Written Practice
- •Discussion Point
- •Extra Activity
- •1. Say what you know about these famous human rights advocates and the contributions they made in fight for human rights:
- •2. Read the news story and do the tasks that follow. Passenger Stabbed Attacker on Tube with a Swordstick
- •Comprehension Check
- •Written Practice
- •2. Translate the following into English.
- •Discussion Points
- •Extra Activity
- •1. Read the two case histories below and decide which offences Jack and Annette have committed: Two Cases
- •2. Read the following phrase carefully and say how the criminal betrayed himself.
- •Read for Enjoyment He Earned his Dollar
- •I. Read the following text and answer the questions. Categories of Human Rights
- •II. Write a 120-180-word summary of the text.
- •I. Think ahead. Before reading the article answer the following questions: “What is capital punishment? Can you name any countries which have it?” Capital Punishment: For and Against
- •II. Write a paragraph containing two arguments for and a paragraph containing two arguments against capital punishment.
- •I. Read the following text and compare Criminal Code with Economic Crime in Russia and Belarus New Criminal Code to Deal with Economic Crime
- •The Organization of the Federal Courts Today
- •I. Draw the pyramid of the federal courts and write down all the names of the courts. Do the same with the system of courts in your country.
- •II. Make the plan of the text.
- •I. Read the following text. Comment on its title. The Sources of English Law
- •II. Divide the text into logically connected parts and give the title to each of the parts. Write a short summary of the text.
- •The Investigation of a Murder in Detroit
- •I. List the succession of actions in the order which they come in the text.
- •II. Find the sentences in the text to prove the cruelty of the Black Legion. Comment on the methods of the Black Legion.
- •Criminology
- •I. List all transnational crimes and give their definitions with the help of the glossary or with your own words. Translate them into Russian.
- •II. Choose any three groups of crimes to speak about their state in your country.
- •I. Read the text and answer the questions after it. Homicide
- •II. Write a 120-180-word summary of the text.
- •The Case for the Defence
- •The story
- •The Case for the Defence
- •I. Pick out facts supporting the author’s view that it was indeed the strangest murder trial he had ever attended.
- •II. Write a 120-180-word summary of the text.
- •I. Read the text and give your own title to it.
- •II. Answer the following questions.
- •Legal terms
- •In Context
- •Using the Words
- •Legal profession
- •Law in belarus
- •Main features of law in belarus
- •To Unit 1
- •I. Put each of the following words and phrases into its correct place in the passage below.
- •II. Choose the correct answer.
- •To Unit 2
- •To Unit 3
- •To Unit 4
- •To Unit 5
- •To Unit 6
- •To Unit 7
- •To Unit 8
- •To Unit 9
- •To Unit 10
- •Trial by Jury
- •To Unit 11
- •Glossary
I. Draw the pyramid of the federal courts and write down all the names of the courts. Do the same with the system of courts in your country.
II. Make the plan of the text.
TEXT 5
I. Read the following text. Comment on its title. The Sources of English Law
I. The courts are the interpreters and declarers of the law, the "sources" of law are therefore the sources to which the courts turn in order to determine what it is. Considered from the aspect of their sources, laws are traditionally divided into two main categories according to the solemnity of the form in which they are made. They may either be written or unwritten. These traditional terms are misleading, because the expression "written" law signifies any law that is formally enacted, whether reduced to writing or not, and the expression "unwritten" law signifies all unenacted law. For example, as will appear, judicial decisions are often reduced to writing in the form of law reports, but because they are not formal enactments they are "unwritten" law.
Since the fashion was set by the Code Napoleon many continental countries have codified much of their law, public and private, on the Continent, therefore, the volume of written law tends to preponderate over the volume of unwritten. But in England unwritten law is predominant, for more of their law derives from judicial precedents than from legislative enactment. This does not, of course, mean that none of their law is codified for many parts of it are, such as the law relating to the sale of goods (Sale of Goods Act 1979) and the law relating to partnership (Partnership Act 1890). All that is meant is that, as yet at least, although Parliament casts increasing multitudes of statutes upon English people, they have not adopted the system of wholesale codification which prevails in many continental countries.
Two principal and two subsidiary sources of English law must be mentioned. These principal sources are Legislation, and Judicial Precedent, the subsidiary sources are Custom and Books of Authority.
Legislation is enacted law. In England the ultimate legislator is Parliament, for in English traditional constitutional theory Parliament is sovereign. It means that all legislative power within the realm is vested in Parliament, or is derived from the authority of Parliament - Parliament thus has no rival within the legislative sphere - and it means secondly that there is no legal limit to the power of Parliament. Parliament may therefore, and constantly does, by Act delegate legislative powers to other bodies and even to individuals but it may also, by Act, remove these powers as simply as it has conferred them. By Act, moreover, Parliament may make any laws it pleases however perverse or "wrong" and the courts are bound to apply them. The enactments of Parliament are not subject to question, for English constitution knows no entranced rights similar to the fundamental liberties guaranteed by the Constitution of the United States and safeguarded by the Supreme Court.
II. In all countries, at all times, the decisions of courts are treated with respect, and they tend to be regarded as "precedents which subsequent courts will follow when they are called upon to determine issues of a similar kind.
This reliance upon precedent has been both the hallmark and the strength of the common law. Its rules have been evolved inductively from decision to decision involving similar facts, so that they are firmly grounded upon the actualities of litigation and the reality of human conduct. And new cases lead onwards to reach toward to new rules. Its principles are, to employ a popular phrase "open ended", they are not firm and inflexible decrees. This characteristic of the common law contrasts, again, with the European civil law. There, harking back to the tradition of the Corpus Juris, law is characteristically derived from a code, that is, from an enacted body of rules either (as in the case of Justinian's or of Napoleon's legislation) embodying the whole of, or some considerable part of, the law, or embracing some special aspect of it. Thus the task of the courts is deductive: to subsume the present case under the mantle of the generalized and codified rule. The ward "codification" was an invention of the ingenious Jeremy Bentham (1743-1832). In principle this method carries the danger that the encoded rule may, being the work of a theorist divorced from reality, be out of touch with actual needs, and certainly, as noted above, in course of time it may become so, and thus may require judicial adaptation to meet changed conditions. So, although the approach to legal decision is on the one hand inductive at common law and on the other hand deductive in the civil law, in reality (apart from interpretive method) the two systems are not quite so divergent as might appear. One thing, however, which is distinctive of the English system, is that because the English judge has, through precedent, power to make new law his position in the legal system is central.