- •L.M. Takumbetоvа english lexicology preface
- •1. Morphological and Derivational Structure of Words.........................................57
- •Abbreviations and symbols
- •Introduction lexicology as a branch of linguistics.
- •Its subject matter and objectives
- •1. The Subject Matter of Lexicology.
- •2. The Theoretical and Practical Value of Lexicology
- •Questions and Tasks
- •2. The Problem of Word Definition
- •3. Types of Nomination and Motivation of Lexical Units
- •4. The Notion of Lexeme. Variants of Words
- •Questions and Tasks
- •Chapter 2 semasiology. The problem of meaning
- •1. Referential and Functional Approaches to Meaning
- •2. Types of Meaning
- •3. The Semantic Structure of Words. Polysemy
- •4. Сauses, Types and Results of Semantic Change
- •Questions and Tasks
- •Exercises
- •I. Which of the following words are monosemantic (use a dictionary)?
- •II. Group together the following pairs of words according to the lsVs they represent. Use dictionaries if necessary.
- •III. Define the meanings of the italicized words in the following sentences. Say how meanings of the same word are associated one with another.
- •IV. Explain the logical associations in the meanings of the same words in the following word combinations. Define the type of transference which has taken place.
- •V. Comment on the change of meanings in the italicized words.
- •Chapter 3 english vocabulary as a system
- •1. Semantic Classes of Lexemes in the Lexico-semantic
- •System of the English Language
- •2. Synonymy
- •3. Antonymy
- •4. Homonymy
- •The Origin of Homonyms in the English Language
- •Questions and Tasks
- •Exercises
- •I. Classify the following words into logical groups on the principle of hyponymy.
- •II. Arrange the following lexemes into three lexico-semantic groups - feelings, parts of the body, education.
- •III. Prove that the following sets of words are synonyms (use dictionaries).
- •IV. Find the dominant synonym in the following synonymic sets. Explain your choice.
- •V. Find antonyms for the words given below.
- •VI. A) Find the homonyms proper for the following words; give their Russian equivalents.
- •VI. Match the italicized words with the phonetics.
- •Chapter 4 morphological structure of english words and word formation
- •1. Morphological and Derivational Structure of Words
- •2. Аffixation
- •Clаssification of Prefixes
- •Classification of Suffixes
- •3. Conversion
- •Patterns of Semantic Relations by Conversion
- •Basic Criteria of Sеmantic Derivation within Conversion Pairs
- •4. Word-Composition (Compounding)
- •Classifications of Compound Words
- •Meaning and Motivation in Compound Words
- •Historical Changes of Compounds
- •5. Minor Types of Word-Formation
- •Questions and tasks
- •Exercises
- •I. A) Give examples of nouns with the following suffixes; state which of the suffixes are productive.
- •II. Explain the etymology and productivity of the affixes given below. Say what parts of speech they form.
- •III. In the following examples the italicized words are formed from the same root by means of different affixes. Translate these derivatives into Russian and explain the difference in meaning.
- •IV. Find cases of conversion in the following sentences.
- •V. Explain the semantic correlations within the following pair of words.
- •VI. Identify the compounds in the word-groups below. Say as much as you can about their structure and semantics.
- •VII. Match the following onomatopoeic words with the names of referents producing the sounds they denote in brackets.
- •VIII. Define the particular type of world-building process by which the following words were formed and say as much as you can about them.
- •Chapter 5 word-groups and phraseological units
- •1. Lexical Valency and Collocability
- •2. Criteria of phraseological units
- •3. Classifications of phraseological units
- •4. Origin of phraseological units
- •Questions and tasks
- •Exercises
- •I. What is the source and meaning of the following idioms?
- •II. Explain whether the semantic changes in the following units are complete or partial.
- •III. Give Russian equivalents of the following phraseological units from the list below.
- •IV. Give the proverbs from which the following phraseological units have developed.
- •V. Match the beginning of the proverb in the left-hand corner with its ending in the right-hand corner.
- •Chapter 6 etymological background of the english vocabulary
- •1. What Is Etymology?
- •2. Native English Vocabulary
- •3. Loan Words and Their Role in the Formation of the English Vocabulary
- •4. Assimilation of Borrowings
- •5. Degree of Assimilation and Factors Determining It
- •5. Impact of Borrowings on the English Language System
- •Quesions and Tasks
- •Exercises
- •I. Subdivide the following words of native origin into a) Indo-European, b) Germanic, c) English proper.
- •II. Distribute the following Latin borrowings into three groups according to the time of borrowing.
- •III. Find the examples of Scandinavian borrowings in the sentences given below. How can they be identified?
- •IV. Point out whether the italicized words in the sentences given below are Norman or Parisian French borrowings. How can they be identified?
- •V. Explain the etymology of the italicized words (native English and borrowings). Use etymological dictionaries if necessary.
- •VIII. Think of 10-15 examples of Russian borrowings in English and English borrowings in Russian. Literary sources
- •II. Optional
- •Dictionaries
- •Internet sources
Questions and Tasks
1. What is the subject matter of semasiology?
2. What are the main approaches to the investigation of word meaning?
3. What are the types of word meaning?
4. What are the types of lexical meaning?
5. What is the ‘semantic structure of word’ and ‘a lexico-semantic variant’?
Give examples of lexico-semantic variants of any polysemantic word.
6. What are linguistic and extra-linguistic causes of semantic change?
7. What associations underlie semantic changes?
8. What are the results of semantic change?
Exercises
I. Which of the following words are monosemantic (use a dictionary)?
Abandon, abdicate, aphorism, apathy, application, arch, band, behold, bronchitis, catapult, central, denture, divide, flabby, flask, intercede, measure, memorial, mischance, miser, minx, plangent, prominent, promise, promote, prompt, sinecure, upstanding, wreath, xenophobia.
II. Group together the following pairs of words according to the lsVs they represent. Use dictionaries if necessary.
Smart, adj.
smart clothes, a smart answer, a smart car, a smart lawyer, a smart blow, a smart officer, a smart garden, a smart punishment
golden, adj.
a golden ring, golden hair, a golden opportunity, a golden chain, golden wedding, the golden age
sound, adj.
sound health, sound views, sound teeth, sound advice, a sound whipping, a sound fruit, a sound constitution, a sound sleeper, a sound tennis-player
root, v.
the root of the tree, edible roots, the root of the tooth, the root of the matter, the root of all evil, square root, cube root
perform, v.
to perform a task, to perform an operation, to perform one’s duty, to perform a dance, to perform a play
III. Define the meanings of the italicized words in the following sentences. Say how meanings of the same word are associated one with another.
1. I began to search the flat, looking in drawers and boxes to see if I could find a key. I tumbled with a sort of splash upon the keys of a piano. Now the orchestra is playing yellow cocktail music and the opera of voices pitches a key higher. 2. I sat down with my head in my hands, until I heard the phone taken up inside and the butler’s voice calling a taxi. G.Quarterman possessed more power than many heads of the state. 3. I walked into Hyde Park, fell flat upon the grass and almost immediately fell asleep. 4. Her mouth opened crookedly half an inch, and she shot a few words at one like pebbles. Would you like me to come to the mouth of the river with you? I put the letter into the mouth of the box and let it go.
IV. Explain the logical associations in the meanings of the same words in the following word combinations. Define the type of transference which has taken place.
A wing of a bird - a wing of a building – on wings of joy; an eye of a man – an eye of a needle; the heart of a man – the heart of the matter; a hand of a man – a hand of a clock – a farm hand; a foot of a man – the foot of a mountain; the coat of a girl – the coat of a dog; a star in the sky – a film star; a green leaf – green years – green with envy; warm weather – a warm welcome; black shoes – black winter – black despair; the father of the family – the father of invention; nickel (metal) – a nickel (coin); bronze – a bronze; glass – a glass; Ford (proper name) – a Ford (car); Kashmir (town in North India) - cashmere.