- •L.M. Takumbetоvа english lexicology preface
- •1. Morphological and Derivational Structure of Words.........................................57
- •Abbreviations and symbols
- •Introduction lexicology as a branch of linguistics.
- •Its subject matter and objectives
- •1. The Subject Matter of Lexicology.
- •2. The Theoretical and Practical Value of Lexicology
- •Questions and Tasks
- •2. The Problem of Word Definition
- •3. Types of Nomination and Motivation of Lexical Units
- •4. The Notion of Lexeme. Variants of Words
- •Questions and Tasks
- •Chapter 2 semasiology. The problem of meaning
- •1. Referential and Functional Approaches to Meaning
- •2. Types of Meaning
- •3. The Semantic Structure of Words. Polysemy
- •4. Сauses, Types and Results of Semantic Change
- •Questions and Tasks
- •Exercises
- •I. Which of the following words are monosemantic (use a dictionary)?
- •II. Group together the following pairs of words according to the lsVs they represent. Use dictionaries if necessary.
- •III. Define the meanings of the italicized words in the following sentences. Say how meanings of the same word are associated one with another.
- •IV. Explain the logical associations in the meanings of the same words in the following word combinations. Define the type of transference which has taken place.
- •V. Comment on the change of meanings in the italicized words.
- •Chapter 3 english vocabulary as a system
- •1. Semantic Classes of Lexemes in the Lexico-semantic
- •System of the English Language
- •2. Synonymy
- •3. Antonymy
- •4. Homonymy
- •The Origin of Homonyms in the English Language
- •Questions and Tasks
- •Exercises
- •I. Classify the following words into logical groups on the principle of hyponymy.
- •II. Arrange the following lexemes into three lexico-semantic groups - feelings, parts of the body, education.
- •III. Prove that the following sets of words are synonyms (use dictionaries).
- •IV. Find the dominant synonym in the following synonymic sets. Explain your choice.
- •V. Find antonyms for the words given below.
- •VI. A) Find the homonyms proper for the following words; give their Russian equivalents.
- •VI. Match the italicized words with the phonetics.
- •Chapter 4 morphological structure of english words and word formation
- •1. Morphological and Derivational Structure of Words
- •2. Аffixation
- •Clаssification of Prefixes
- •Classification of Suffixes
- •3. Conversion
- •Patterns of Semantic Relations by Conversion
- •Basic Criteria of Sеmantic Derivation within Conversion Pairs
- •4. Word-Composition (Compounding)
- •Classifications of Compound Words
- •Meaning and Motivation in Compound Words
- •Historical Changes of Compounds
- •5. Minor Types of Word-Formation
- •Questions and tasks
- •Exercises
- •I. A) Give examples of nouns with the following suffixes; state which of the suffixes are productive.
- •II. Explain the etymology and productivity of the affixes given below. Say what parts of speech they form.
- •III. In the following examples the italicized words are formed from the same root by means of different affixes. Translate these derivatives into Russian and explain the difference in meaning.
- •IV. Find cases of conversion in the following sentences.
- •V. Explain the semantic correlations within the following pair of words.
- •VI. Identify the compounds in the word-groups below. Say as much as you can about their structure and semantics.
- •VII. Match the following onomatopoeic words with the names of referents producing the sounds they denote in brackets.
- •VIII. Define the particular type of world-building process by which the following words were formed and say as much as you can about them.
- •Chapter 5 word-groups and phraseological units
- •1. Lexical Valency and Collocability
- •2. Criteria of phraseological units
- •3. Classifications of phraseological units
- •4. Origin of phraseological units
- •Questions and tasks
- •Exercises
- •I. What is the source and meaning of the following idioms?
- •II. Explain whether the semantic changes in the following units are complete or partial.
- •III. Give Russian equivalents of the following phraseological units from the list below.
- •IV. Give the proverbs from which the following phraseological units have developed.
- •V. Match the beginning of the proverb in the left-hand corner with its ending in the right-hand corner.
- •Chapter 6 etymological background of the english vocabulary
- •1. What Is Etymology?
- •2. Native English Vocabulary
- •3. Loan Words and Their Role in the Formation of the English Vocabulary
- •4. Assimilation of Borrowings
- •5. Degree of Assimilation and Factors Determining It
- •5. Impact of Borrowings on the English Language System
- •Quesions and Tasks
- •Exercises
- •I. Subdivide the following words of native origin into a) Indo-European, b) Germanic, c) English proper.
- •II. Distribute the following Latin borrowings into three groups according to the time of borrowing.
- •III. Find the examples of Scandinavian borrowings in the sentences given below. How can they be identified?
- •IV. Point out whether the italicized words in the sentences given below are Norman or Parisian French borrowings. How can they be identified?
- •V. Explain the etymology of the italicized words (native English and borrowings). Use etymological dictionaries if necessary.
- •VIII. Think of 10-15 examples of Russian borrowings in English and English borrowings in Russian. Literary sources
- •II. Optional
- •Dictionaries
- •Internet sources
Quesions and Tasks
1. What is the subject matter of etymology?
2. Which are native English words? Give examples.
3. What is the role of loan (borrowed) words as nominative means? What does the term ‘borrowing’ imply?
4. What languages did English come in contact with in the course of its history?
5. What historical events caused Latin borrowings?
6. What kind of words were borrowed from Scandinavian languages?
7. What dialects of French were the basis of intensive borrowing into English? What role did they play in replenishment of English lexicon?
8. Which words are partially assimilated? What does the degree of their assimilation depend on?
9. What semantic processes in English vocabulary did borrowings influence? How did etymological doublets appear in English?
Exercises
I. Subdivide the following words of native origin into a) Indo-European, b) Germanic, c) English proper.
sea, red, heart, grass, new, daisy, hand, stand, blue, lady, eat, arm, grey, lord, always, star, eat, speak, boat, birch, brother, sun, hear, old, swine, three, hundred, boy, corn, foot, son, house, water, know, good, drink.
II. Distribute the following Latin borrowings into three groups according to the time of borrowing.
dish, cup, plant, abbot, school, minimum, formula, street, monk, mental, wine, chalk, nun, wall, senior, immortal, cook, devil, beet, butter, minster, oil, grammar, crisis, master, port, solar, mill, monastery, pound, construct, absolute, pulpit, port, devil, cheese, external, abstract, butter, genius, cheap, moratorium.
III. Find the examples of Scandinavian borrowings in the sentences given below. How can they be identified?
1. He crossed over to the window, through which the late sunlight came and looked out. 2. The remains of fried eggs and sausages, the frying-pan not cleaned, standing on one corner of the table, the electric light still on. 3. The man pushed past the door, dragging a boy behind him, and it was not Mrs. Collins’s husband. 4. The distant hills did not blend into the sky but stood out like rocks. 5. This, of course, I had taken as a joke. 6. This greeting of one man to another seemed natural. 7. It belonged to a family called Baker. 8. I don’t doubt this artist’s skill.
IV. Point out whether the italicized words in the sentences given below are Norman or Parisian French borrowings. How can they be identified?
1. There was a danger of an accident as there was something wrong with the chassis. 2. Both rich and poor lived in small family groups. 3. I knew nothing about the film world and imagined it to be a continuous ferment of personal intrigue. 4. ‘Geoffrey Lampetho, sir, and his brother Philip,’ said Roger. 5. Don’t worry, this is a bona-fide deal. 6. Apart from being an unforgivable break of etiquette, you only make yourself extremely ridiculous. 7. The village fête was in full swing. 8. ‘Aren’t you the vicar’s nephew?’ said Driffield. 9. I could have a closer view of the farms situated on the opposite side of the valley from the railway. 10. ‘I don’t see the matter,’ said Steven, helping himself to more mayonnaise. 11. Several parachutists landed behind the enemy lines.