14. Управление временем

Its important for manager to be effective. But managers have a lot of pressure which reduce their efficiency, they doing number of tasks some of them are important while others are fairly trivial. Moreover some people takes a lot of their time while they have more important things to do.

As a manager climbes higher things are not getting better, there are always something which try to distract him from his job.

So that manager should cut out unproductive activities.

He must analyze how he is using his time keeping record of how he is spending his time during the day, all the telephone calls and so on. Once he done this he should analyse it and re plan his schedule, asking questions like “ do I really need to do it? Could other people do it instead? Should I spend time on other activities? So that he can get rid off some activities and pay more attention to important ones,

The ways of using time more effective are different: working at home. do the job in order of priority, set deadlines for some activities.

Peter ducker, the American expert believe that manager should work systematically to manage the time and acquire this habit of mind.

15. Формы организации бизнеса

Organizational structure can be divided into many areas of Management. The most common areas: finance, marketing, human resources and administration.

Besides, according to the purpose organization may include other areas such as research and development, risk-management.

In business organizational structure means the relationship between positions and people who holds them. Organizational structure is very important because it provides an efficient work system as well as system of communication.

Historically line structure is the oldest type of organization structure. The main idea of it is vertical relationships between the position and tasks of each level. And the positions and tasks above and below each level.

There are 4 types of organization structure: functional structure, geographic structure, matrix structure, organizations along product lines.

16. Выявление и анализ проблемы

Decision making and problem solving is a key management responsibility.

Some decisions are made quickly as a manager does not have to think too much before taking action. They are based on his own experience.

Other ones are often intuitive, based on a gut feeling.

But many of the decisions are much more difficult since they involve problem–solving. Often they are strategic decisions, which involve major courses of action which will affect the future of the enterprise. When complex problem arise manager has to collect facts and weight up courses of action. The process of problem-solving can be divided into 4 steps

1. defining the problem.

Manager must identify the problem. It’s important not to mistake the symptoms of a problem for the real problem. As example, the falling profits can be the symptoms of a problem while the real problem can be poor image of the company. He also must take into account the principles and rules of the company as they will limit the solution of the problem

2) analyzing and collecting information

This includes deciding which additional information is needed. However, he wont be able to get all the knowledge he needs

3) working out options

There are always several ways how to solve the problem. For example, if you want to change the image you can introduce new product, modernize the store, and improve customer service and so on. Sometimes its even better to take no action at all.

4) deciding on the best solution

Before seceding the best solution the manager has to assess each of them, consider all advantages and disadvantages. Sometimes he can use more than one option.