17. Этапы поиска рационального решения

When complex problem arise manager has to collect facts and weight up courses of action. The process of problem solving can be divided into 4 steps

1 ) defining the problem.

Manager must identify the problem. It’s important not t mistake the symptoms of a problem for the real problem. As example, the falling profits can be the symptoms of a problem while the real problem can be poor image of the company, low quality of the product, ineffective management and so forth. He also must take into account the principles and rules of the company as they will limit the solution of the problem. ( for example, the rule to fill the position by their own staff rather that by hiring outside.

2) analyzing and collecting information

Include deciding which additional information is needed and a manager should collect it. However, he rarely will be able to get all the knowledge he needs

3) working out options

There are always several ways how to solve the problem. For example, if you want to change the image you can introduce new product, modernize the store, improve customer service and so on. Sometimes its even better to take no action att all.

4) deciding on the best solution

Before choosing the best solution the manager has to assess each of them, consider all advantages and disadvantages. Sometimes he can use more than one option.

18. Методы и способы, применяемые для решения проблемы

One of the method that can help to solve different problems is SWOT analysis (strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats). Firstly, organization examines its current performance, assessing its strength and weaknesses. It looks at performance indicators like market share, sales revenue, output and productivity. And also examines its resources – financial, human, products and facilities. Then the company looks at external factors, from the point of view of opportunities and threats. It is trying to assess technological, social, economic and political trends in the market where it is competing.

Having completed the SWOT analysis the company can evaluate its objectives and work out new ones. The remaining task is to develop appropriate strategies to achieve the objectives. So that, company planning and strategic decision-making are key activities of top management.

The second method is Management by Objectives. MBO is a system where each individual must understand the goals of the enterprise he works for, and make contribution to them.

If the organization uses the MBO approach, it must pay careful attention to planning. So that each individual has clearly defined objectives.

MBO, therefore, focuses on results.

There are many benefits of MBO. The system helps the subordinates to see clearly his role in the organization and the tasks he must carry out. As the result subordinate feels more responsible, more motivated and more committed to the objectives of the organization.

The main limitation of the system is that it is time-consuming and may create a lot of paperwork.