22. Что такое менеджмент? Менеджмент как наука

Management is a process of creating and maintaining an environment where individuals work together as a team, accomplishg efficiently selected goals.

Management applies to any kind of organizations. It applies to managers at different organizational levels. Management takes place in small and large enterprises commercial and non-profit organizations. In manufacturing industries, as well as in service industries.

Management is a process of setting and achieving goals through 5 basic management functions:

1. Planning;

2. Organizing;

3. Staffing;

4. Controlling;

5. Motivation people.

Actually, management neither and art or a science, but it requires both to be successful. The manager needs to understand people, read instructions, understand different situations, reflect and use past and modern experience. All these describes management to be an art.

Using computers for decision-making and statistical analysis - all are examples of management as a science.

23. Двухфакторная теория Герцберга

To ensure staff to work efficiently managers must know how to motivate people. By understanding the factors influencing it, they can create the conditions in which employees will perform to their maximum potential.

Herzberg conducted some studies in the USA in Pittsburg in late 1960

He concluded that some factors cause job satisfaction and other dissatisfaction. Theory of Fredrick Herzberg’s two factor theory.

Satisfaction factors he called motivators. They are refer to a job content:

1. challenging job

2. responsibility

3. advancement

4. recognition

Another ones are hygiene or maintenance factors refer to the context of the job

1. company policy and administration

2. relationship with colleques

3. work condition

4. quality of supervision

5. salary

6. job security

If they do not exist in quality and quantity they give dissatisfaction but their presence does not, however, give increased satisfaction.

if this theory is true manager has to pay great attention to the job content, do it more challenging and interesting, provide job enrichment programmes. give the sense of achievement.