3.2. Word- building.

1. Recall the meaning of the suffixes.

Наречие:

как? каким образом?

Adjective + -ly

wide (широкий) – widely (широко)

main (главный) – mainly (главным образом)

b) Translate the derivatives.

directly, cheaply, largely, partially, relatively, equally, greatly, basically, universally, quickly, exactly, rarely, hopefully, usually, monthly, essentially, sharply, particularly.

3.3. Translate the sentences paying attention to the words and phrases in bold type. If it is necessary consult a dictionary.

1. Wholesalers can help manutactures in several ways.

2. Likewise wholesalers can help retailers.

3. So that retailers can quickly obtain supplies.

4. A cash-and-carry warehouse does not offer credit or delivery and the warehouse is run like a supermarket with self-service.

5. Self-service is used by the larger stores such as supermarkets and hypermarkets.

6. While in the shop the customer will buy other items thus allowing the shop to make a profit overall.

7. Wholesalers give information, e.g. (exempli gratia-Latin) what kinds of goods retailers want.

3.4. Read text 3a. Answer the questions after the text.

Extractive firms (primary industry)	A B C
	The Wholesaler	The trade in raw materials
Manutacturing and Constructive firms (secondary Industry)	H I J K
	The Wholesaler	The trade in finished goods
Retailers	U V W X Y Z

Fig.3. The importance of the wholesaler

Text 3a The Work Of Wholesalers

The wholesaler can be important at two stages in the chain of production shown in Fig.3. At the beginning of the chain the wholesaler buys raw materials from extractive firms A, B and C. The wholesaler then sells these raw materials to manufacturing and constructive firms H, I, J and K. When the raw materials have been changed into finished goods the goods are sold to the wholesaler who sell them to retailers U, V, W, X, Y and Z.

Wholesalers can help manufacturers in several ways. They can sell them raw materials. They buy finished goods from them in large quantities and store raw materials and finished goods for them. Manufacturers can be paid before or when the goods are delivered. Wholesalers give information, e.g. what kinds of goods retailers want. Retailers are persuaded to buy goods made by manufacturers. Wholesalers collect goods from manufacturers which saves them from having to provide transport.

Likewise wholesalers can help retailers. They sell them finished goods. They break bulk for them as the wholesaler buys in large quantities from the manufacturer and sells to retailers in much smaller quantities. So that retailers quickly obtain supplies wholesalers store goods; a wide range of goods from many manufacturers are held in stock. Retailers can be given credit. Information about the new products manufacturers are about to introduce can be given. Wholesalers can package some goods for retailers, e.g. wine can be bottled, and can also deliver goods to retail shops.

Why the wholesaler has become less important.

For many years wholesalers were important to manufacturers and retailers. They bought goods from manufacturers and sold them to retailers.

As some retailers grew larger they started to buy in bulk directly from manufacturers because they could obtain their goods more cheaply. The wholesalers, therefore, started to lose trade.

Some manufacturers also decided not to use the wholesalers by setting up their own shops or by using, for example, mail order.

These are examples of direct selling because the manufacturer sells straight to the consumer.

These are also other types of goods where the wholesaler has never been important because the manufacturer has sold straight to the retailer. Ice-cream is a perishable product which needs to be delivered quickly. Technical goods need to be explained to the retailer by the manufacturer. Furniture is a bulky product which would be expensive to transport from the manufacturer to the wholesalers and then from the wholesalers to the retailer.