3.11. Translate into English.
1. Оптовые фирмы закупают сырье у добывающих компаний и затем продают его перерабатывающим и строительным фирмам.
2. Готовая продукция покупается оптовиками большими партиями, которые разбиваются на более мелкие партии товара и продаются в розничную торговлю.
3. Оптовики забирают товар у производителей, и розничным торговцам не приходится предоставлять транспорт.
4. Для того, чтобы розничные торговцы могли быстро получать поставки, оптовики поддерживают широкий ассортимент товара на складе.
5. Оптовые фирмы могут упаковывать некоторые товары для розничных торговцев, например, разливать напитки в бутылки, а также доставлять товар в магазины.
6. Поскольку по мере роста розничные торговцы стали покупать продукцию непосредственно у производителей большими партиями, оптовики начали терять свою долю рынка.
7.ыБыстропортящиеся, технические и крупногабаритные товары никогда не были рынком (областью торговли) для оптовиков.
8. Розничные сети состоят из небольших магазинов, делающих закупки у определенных оптовых фирм, управляющих сетью.
9. Небольшие магазины получают выгоду от рекламы, осуществляемой розничной сетью, а также они могут получать от сети ссуды на модернизацию.
10. Склады самовывоза не предоставляют кредит или доставку, но функционируют как большие супермаркеты с системой самообслуживания и торговли за наличные.
3.12. Write the number of each picture next to the correct method of transportation.
cargo plane _____ despatch rider _____
delivery van ____ freight train _____
container ship ____ container lorry ____
b
arge
.
3.13. Match the terms on the left to the descriptions on the right.
1 air freight 2 despatch rider 3 shipping line 4 courier service 5 rail freight operator 6 road haulage contractor
|
a a business specializing in rapid delivery transportation of small items, usually by van or motorbike. b a company specializing in moving heavy goods and raw materials by train. c the business of moving large quantities of goods by air. d a company specializing in transportation of goods by sea, typically using container vessels (large ships designed to transport goods) based at container ports. e a company that transports goods by lorry. Major road distribution networks link so-called dry port facilities, often located near major airports and road junctions. f someone who works for a courier company delivering small items by motorbike. |
3.14. Case study Marcia Lee jeans Background
Marcia Lee Jeens is based in New York. Its brand is well known in the United States. The jeans sell in the price ranges and appeal to fashion conscious people aged 15 to 40. They are distributed in major department stores throughout the country.
At present, the jeans are made in the US by a number of factories on the East coast, none of which are owned by Marcia Lee Jeans. Competition in this segment of the market is strong, so the company has to keep costs as low as possible in order to remain profitable.
In the next 10 years, Marcia Lee plans to expand in Europe and South east Asia so that it becomes a global company. To do this, it has decided to build its own factory in an overseas country. The factory will have approximately 2,000 workers who will produce the jeans. These workers will be recruited locally. Denim, the raw material which is used to make the jeans, will be imported from several countries.
The company is considering four countries as a location for the factory. There is some information about each country. They are code named A, B, C, and D.
Task
You are members of the planning committee which must choose a location for the new factory.
Work individually. Study the four countries and rank them in order of suitability as a location.
Work in small groups. Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of each location.
Meet as one group with one of you leading the discussion. Decide which is the most suitable location for the new jeans factory.
COUNTRY A
Economy
Growth: 2% per year
Inflation rate: 5%
Interest rates: 10%-15%
Unemployment rate: 25%-30%
The country has a lot of debts and is trying to modernise its economy.
Transport
Good rail network but poor roads
New international airport
The main seaport is in poor condition.
Labour
Unskilled labour available. A lot of training needed for jeans production
No unions in most industries
Wage rates: very low
Comments
The country has a military government. Bribery is common. Political problems: the people in the north want to become an independent state. The goverment will contribute 30 % towards the cost of a new factory.
COUNTRY B
Economy
Growth:1.5%
Inflation rate: 0.5%
Interest rates: 8% -10%
Unemployment rate:3%
A modern industrial country with many manufacturing industries
Transport
Has a fully integrated road and rail network
International airport
No seaport
Labour
Not a lot of skilled labour available
Strong unions
Wage rate: high
Comments
The country has a stable government. It is a member of a large trading group. There are strict new laws on pollution. There are no tax incentives for building new factories. Business tax is very high.
COUNTRY C
Economy
Growth: 8%
Inflation rate: 10%
Interest rates: 4% - 6%
Unemployment rate: 12%
Currency exchange rate: unstable
Transport
Good transport around the main seaports
Small but well-managed airport
Road network needs investment
Labour
Not much skilled labour available
Very strong unions in the clothing industry
Wage rates: low but rising fast
Comments
The first free elections for a democratic government were held last year. There are limits on the profits which companies can take out of the country. Not much paperwork required for importing and exporting goods. There is a strong protest movement against international companies, which are accused of harming firms.
COUNTRY D
Economy
Growth: 4%
Inflation rate: 5%
Interest rates: 8% - 12%
Unemployment rate: 12%
Government encourages the privatisation of industry
Transport
Road and rail network is in poor condition
Government has started a big investment programm for the transport system. It will take 5-10 years to complete.
Labour
Large supply of skilled workers, but they are not used to working long hours
Strong unions
Wage rates: low
Comments
A lot of paperwork is required for new businesses. There are problems with air and water pollution. Profits are tax free for the first three years after a factory has been built. Companies must pay 5% of their profits into a fund for training their workers.