43) Correlation – oppositional theory.

It is constituted by opposition of perfect forms to non-perfect. It is called the category of retrospective coordination. Perfect form – strong member, it is formed with help of auxil verb «to have»+participle 2 of notional verb.

44) Voice, definition

Category shows the direction of the process as regards the participants of the situation reflected in the syntactic construction.2 sets of verbs:1.passivized 2.non-passivized (e.g. have, belong cost). It denotes relations between an action and a subject and an object.

Voice is a very specific verbal category - First, it does not reflect the actual properties of the process denoted, but the speaker’s appraisal of it; the speaker chooses which of the participants in the situation – the agent (the subject, the doer of the action) or the patient (the object, the receiver of the action, the experiencer) – should be presented as the subject of the syntactic construction. Second, though it is expressed through the morphological forms of the verb, voice is closely connected with the structural organization of the syntactic construction: the use of passive or active forms of the verb involves the use of the passive or active syntactic construction. It is closely connected with structural organization of synt construction, use of passive//active forms of verb involves use of active//passive synt construction.

45) Voice opposites

In accord with their relation to the passive voice, all the verbs can be divided into two large sets: passivised verbs and non-passivised verbs (e.g. subclass (displaying a weak dynamic force), such as belong, cost, resemble, fail, misgive, etc.).

Considerations of both form and function tend to interpret voice rather as a full-representative category, the same as person, number, tense, and aspect. The obvious opposition within the category of voice is that between active and passive. Also the problem of "medial" voices exists, i.e. the functioning of the voice forms in other than the passive or active meanings. All the medial voice uses are effected within the functional range of the unmarked member of the voice opposition. Let us consider the following examples: I will shave and wash, and be ready for breakfast in half an hour. The friends will be meeting tomorrow. The verbs in the given sentences are objective, transitive, used in the form of the active voice. But the real voice meaning rendered by the verb-entries is not active. This kind of verbal meaning of the action performed by the subject upon itself is classed as "reflexive" and "reciprocal" respectively. The same meaning can be rendered explicit by combining the verb with the reflexive "self-pronoun: I will shave myself, wash myself; the reciprocal pronouns: the friends will be meeting one another.

These are examples of special grammatical voices, called, respectively, "reflexive" and "reciprocal".

46) Voice – opposition

It is expressed by the binary-privative opposition of the passive and active forms of the verb; the active form of the verb is the unmarked, weak member of the opposition, and the passive is the strong member marked by the combination of the auxiliary verb to be (or the verbs to get, to become in colloquial speech) and participle II of the notional verb. The sign marking the passive form is the combination of the auxiliary be with the past participle of the conjugated verb, or get and, probably, become in colloquial speech. (e.g. He was invited by his friends. The young violinist became admired by all.)

47) 2 functions of «be+participle»

Passive constructions are used when the agent is unknown or irrelevant, e.g.: He was killed during the war; The cup has been broken.

In the active syntactic construction the subject and the object both in the situation described and in the syntactic structure of the sentence coincide, cf.: His daughter broke the cup.

In the passive construction the semantic emphasis is laid on the experience of the object, while in the active construction prominence is given to the actions of the doer; in many cases active and passive constructions are mutually transformative, cf.: His daughter broke the cup. - The cup was broken by his daughter. Besides the immediate “active” meaning as such, the active forms of verbs denote a wide range of various non-passive meanings, for example, processes which do not imply any objects at all, e.g.: The child cried; It rained;