- •27) Substantivisation of adjectives
- •28) Morph status of statives
- •29,30) Arguments – establishing statives – separate part of speech
- •31,32) Pronoun as a separate part of speech
- •33) Subclasses of pronoun
- •34) Morph characteristics of pronoun
- •35) Syntactical properties of pronoun. Combinability, syntactical function.
- •36) Verb, category of tense (definition)
- •37) Verb-triple opposition (Ilyish)
- •38) Future tense, tense as a binary opposition
- •39) Primary and prospective time (Blokh)
- •41) Separate gram category of aspect, opposite theory
- •42) Essence of perfect//non-perfect forms.
- •43) Correlation – oppositional theory.
- •44) Voice, definition
- •45) Voice opposites
- •46) Voice – opposition
- •49) Mood-definition
- •50) Mood opposites
- •51) Mood – system of 6 opposites (Smirnitsky)
- •52) Mood as a system of 3 mood opposites (Khlebnikova)
- •53) Mood as a binary opposition – Barkhudarov, Blokh.
49) Mood-definition
The category of mood expresses the character of connection between the process denoted by the verb and the actual reality. The functional opposition underlying the category as a whole is constituted by: the forms of oblique mood meaning, those of unreality, and contrasted against the forms of direct mood meaning, those of reality. The former making up the strong member, the latter, the weak member of the opposition.
Indicative – action is real (She helped me) it is statement or question.
Obligue forms – process is unreal – imagenary, hypothetical, possible, impossible, desired, etc.
(Imperative – command, Subjunctive – statement contrary to fact – wish, mandative statement, etc). Mood shows our subjective interpret of event as actual or imagenary.
50) Mood opposites
Category of mood – the most controversial, has given rise to so many discussions, that it is hardly possible to arrive at any universally acceptable conclusion.
Older prescriptive grammar-the 4th mood – Infinitive.
3 moods (indicative, subjunctive and imperative) - many grammarians.
Deutchbein – 4 main moods+7 sub-moods.
Smirnitsky, Akhmanova, Ganshina-6 moods.
Ilyish, Vinokurova-3 moods, Subjunctive has 2 forms-conditional and subjunctive.
Barkhudarov-only Indicative and Subjunctive (has 2 forms - Subj 1 and Subj 2)
Vorontsova-4 moods-Indicative, Optative, Speculative, Presumptive.
In general- from 2 to 17.
51) Mood – system of 6 opposites (Smirnitsky)
Smirnitsky-6 moods: Indicative, Imperative, Subjunctive 1, Subjunctive 2, Conditional, Suppositional. It is the most popular system in grammar.
Subj 1 – expresses problematic action, coincides with infinitive without «to» (Ring me up if he would be here; God save the Queen!). Is used in American English, newspapers, formal style, clauses when the main one contain recommendation, resolution, demand (It is necessary for you to be here).
Subj 2 – unreal action, coincides in form with Past Simple//Past Perfect (I wish he had told the truth).
Conditional-unreal action, built up by «would»+infinitive;non-perfect inf=simultaneousness, perfect=priority.
Suppositional-problematic action, built by «should»+infinitive (Ring me up if he should go); is used with any verb in subordinate «that»-clauses, when the main one contains expression of recommendation, resolution, demand,etc. (It is necessary that you should inform me of these rules).
Subj1 and Suppositional Mood – the same meaning.
52) Mood as a system of 3 mood opposites (Khlebnikova)
Oblique mood – linguists distinguish various semantic varieties: Subj1, Subj2, Conditional, Suppositional. They are «modal» varieties of Subj mood.
Khlebnikova – all these forms united by meaning of unreality, so there is only one oblique mood presented by 2 subtypes. Subj2 and Conditional – are more important than other 2, as they are indispensible and sufficient in the system, one cant do without them, but they can easily do without the other 2. Subj2 and Conditional-the same meaning, they don’t exist independently, so they can be united into Conjunctive mood.