Intonation

Intonation plays a very important role in English speech. Intonation serves to form sentences and intonation-groups, to define their communicative type and to express the speaker's thoughts.

There are four communicative types of sentences:

1. Statements, e.g. I like music.

2. Questions, e.g. Can you prove it? How old are you?

3. Imperative sentences or commands, e.g. Try it again.

4. Exclamations, e.g. Sweet of you!

Long sentences, simple extended, compound and complex, are subdivided into intonation-groups (or syntagms). Each syntagm is characterized by a certain intonation pattern. Intonation patterns consist of one or more syllables and several unstressed ones. They have the following parts: the pre-head, the head, the nucleus and the tail.

The pre-head includes unstressed and half-stressed syllables preceding the first stressed syllable.

The head includes the stressed and unstressed syllables beginning with the first stressed syllable up to the last stressed syllable.

The last stressed syllable is called the nucleus.

The unstressed and half-stressed syllables that follow the nucleus are called the tail.

e.g. It was a very sunny day yesterday.

It was a the pre-head.

... very sunny the head.

... day the nucleus.

... yesterday - the tail.

The rises and falls that take place in the nucleus are called nuclear tones. So there are two most frequently used types of the nuclear tone: Low Fall and Low Rise.

The falling nuclear tone shows that the intonation-group is complete and important by itself. When used with the non-final intonation-group it shows that this non-final intonation-group is not closely connected with the following one.

e.g. I'll tell him all when he comes.

The rising nuclear tone shows that the non-final intonation-group is closely connected in the meaning with the following intonation-group, is not important by itself and implies continuation.

e.g. Generally speaking, I prefer tennis.

In English notional words (nouns, adjectives, verbs, etc.) are generally stressed.

Auxiliary verbs, articles, prepositions and most pronouns are usually unstressed. But any part of speech may be stressed if it is semantical ly important.

e.g. What is he going to do?

Statements

Statements are usually pronounced with the Low Fall. They have the nucleus on the last notional word. Statements may contain two types of the head: High Head and Falling (Stepping) Head.

Intone and read:

A

1.1 have a pan.

2.1 have a hat.

3.1 haven't a bad mat.

4.1 haven't a light flat.

5. Mike has a fine fan.

6. Pat and Dad have a van.

7. Nap hasn't a fat hand.

8. Val and Arm haven't a fine life.

9. It is a kitten.

10. It is a family.

11. It is a little table.

12. It is a nice apple.

13. It isn't a flag.

14. It isn't a pencil.

15. It isn't a black cat.

16. It isn't a fine life.

17. She is a babysitter.

18. My sister is a typist.

19. Kate isn't a dentist.

20. His Dad isn't a driver.

21. Dan has a stamp.

22. His sister hasn't a black kitten.

23. It isn't a little bed.

24. Patty and Ellen haven't many kiddies.

25. My Daddy is a dentist.

26.1 have six pencils.

27. It is a fine apple.

28. My little sister and i have seven pet.

B

1. Billy has a little pimple.

2. Eddy has a black pencil.

3.1 haven't a nice handbag.

4. His sister hasn't a fine hat.

5. Ted and Bess have ten cakes.

6. Winny and Lily have many stamps.

7. Benny and Betty haven't many sisters.

8. Kitty and Tim haven't big lips.

9. My pal and i have fine families.

10. His Dad and himself havexflats.

11. Basil has a bike.

12. Ada has a hen.

13. I have black eyes.

14. I have a nice face.

15.1 haven't nine pencils.

16. My pal hasn't a fine pipe.

17. Ted and Bess have ten cakes.

18. Ben and Delia have a bad bed.

19. Sam and Kate haven't five sacks.

20. Val and Bella haven't a plain bag.

4) Read and find nucleus:

Lily.

Lily is ill.

Little Lily is ill.

Little Lily is still ill.

Little lily is still ill in this clinic.

Kitty.

Kitty is a kid.

Kitty is a kid of six.

Minnie is Kitty’s sister.

Kitty’s sister Minnie knits.

Kitty’s sister Minnie is fifteen.

Ben.

Ben sent hens.

Ben sent ten hens.

Ben sent Ned ten hens.

Ben sent Ned ten big hens.

Ted sells eggs.

Ted sells hen’s eggs.

Ted sells hen’s eggs on Wednesdays.

A hit.

A big hit.

Be a big hit.

It is a big hit.

It is a big hit, isn’t it?

Sticks.

Big sticks.

Big sticks and thin sticks.

Big thin sticks and big thick sticks.

Sixty-six thick sticks and sixty-six thin sticks.

Practice.

She sells sea-shells on the sea-shore.

The shells she sells are sea-shells, I'm sure.

So, if she sells sea-shells on the sea-shore,

then I am sure she sells sea shore-shells.

LESSON 3

Arakin p.27 practise ph. ex.

BBC pr.[i:], [a:],[o],[u:],[u] [ə:],[əu].

Types of Syllables. 1 and 2.

1. Define the type of the syllable and transcribe the words:

   den - dome bed - bede cod – code elf - eve dot - dote spend - scene tot - tote

   vest - these sob - so cells - cede soft - stone beg - bee pond - poke melt - eme

2. Read and define the type of the syllable:

   bed-bede elf-eve beg-bee melt-me vest-vena

   Cellar Sensor ice cent scene

   cave cannon cattle caner scamper

   neck peckish nickel picker tackle

   knave knick knell knives gnat

3. Arrange the words into two columns according to the type of the syllable:

Close Open

toe them test brave lock penny Peter stole flор cloth

Steve bone blond neck lesson smoke eve mete gnome ox

4. Transcribe:

letter told cellar coddler stock

locker hold censor coke neck

voter gold cent clove deck

Motor scold city cloth mock

collar older scent coffer clock

folder bold scene cob beckon

5. Transcribe paying attention to the sound [o]

   fold poke doctor Scold

   sock sold modern fond

   bold coffee offer so

   mo clock motor cold

6. Divide the words into columns according to the reading of the sound |s| seven desk clocks kids

   music novels bells pets		student cars so sold	cities best nose dose		bees easy sentence beds

7. Arrange the words into three columns according to the pronunciation of the ending: [s],[z],[iz].

Kids, cods, cuffs, coats, foxes, shelves, myths, letters, pots, pills, pins, paths, planes, pegs, roses, hopes,

ties, lids, matches, names.

8. a) Arrange the words into two groups according to the pronunciation of the letter s and transcribe them:

a) [ s ] b) [ z ]

seller cattle cliffs nasal skates

best kids saddle kiss ties

desk bells pets sack pins

brisk nibs music sense dose

b) Transcribe the words:

centner knee tense census elms

Venus knack cellar sables vests

cissy pikes miss pegs hence

blazer less ends venal flakes

TEST:

sober molar scepter sold sole

scone pose wider cedar enter

eggs cone Pete since clover

sock cells cole fever solve

9. (Jazz chants 1)Practise a jazz chant. Find [i:] sounds. Underline spots where you hear them.

MIND: [diju:][s]

I said, Sh! Sh! Baby's sleeping!

I said, Sh! Sh! Baby's sleeping!

What did you say?

What did you say?

I said, Hush! Hush! Baby's sleeping!

I said, Hush! Hush! Baby's sleeping!

What did you say?

What did you say?

I said, Please be quiet, Baby's sleeping!

I said, Please be quiet, Baby's sleeping!

What did you say?

What did you say?

I said, Shut up! Shut up! Baby's sleeping!

I said, Shut up! Shut up! Baby's sleeping!

WAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA

Not anymore.

Home task: Learn the jazz chant by heart.