II. Сравнение функций причастия и герундия

Член предложения	Participle	Gerund
Подлежащее	Не употребляется	Researching the market of these goo goods
		these goods is absolutely necessary. -
		necessary. - Исследование рынка этих
		рынка этих товаров является
		абсолютно необходимым. товаров
Дополнение	Не употребляется	We succeeded in researching xeploring the market of these
		the market of these goods. -
		Мы преуспели в исследова- вании
		нии рынка этих товаров.
Часть простого	We are researching
сказуемого	the market of these goods
	goods. – Мы исследуем	He употребляется
	ем рынок этих това-
	ров.
Часть составного	Не употребляется	We began researching the exploring the market
го глагольного		market of these goods. – Мы нача-
сказуемого		начали исследование рынка этих
		этих товаров.
Часть составного	Не употребляется	Our aim is researching the mar- ket parts
го именного		market of these goods. – На- researching ша
сказуемого		ша цель - исследование рынка
		ка этих товаров.
Определение	The department	The method of researching
	researching the market of these these parts is our	the market of these goods is
	market of these goods is the best	the most modern. - Метод
	is the best one. – Отдел, исследующий	исследования рынка этих
	дел, исследующий рынок	товаров является самым
	рынок этих товаров, является	современным.
	является самым лучшим
	шим. шим.
Обстоятельство	(While) researching the researching	After researching the market of
	the market of these goods he used the	of these goods we increased our sa
	goods we used the most modem	our sales. – После изучения
	most modern methods. -	рынка этих товаров, мы
	Исследуя рынок этих товаров	увеличили объем продаж.
	товаров, мы использо-
	зовали самые совре-
	менные методы.

Exercises

Exercise 27. Define the part of speech of -ing forms as Participle or Gerund. Translate the sentences into Russian.

1. Reading the text aloud is useful for improving your pronunciation. 2. Having met Helen in the corridor, we told her the news. 3. He thanked Mary for her coming. 4. Reading English articles helped him to improve his English. 5. Designing this machine was connected with great achievements in this branch of science. 6. We went on designing the hotel in spite of his being against it. 7. Writing letters usually takes a lot of time. 8. She was against his coming to our party. 9. The conference taking place in Moscow is devoted to the problems of higher education. 10. We stopped improving the device because we had understood its uselessness. 11. I remember having met him in the south. 12. Improving methods of teaching depends on the development of psychology. 13. Upon coming to our party, he sang us some new English songs. 14. When coming into the hall I saw a group of people standing in the middle. 15. I don't like writing letters. 16. The experiment being demonstrated, all the students watched it attentively. 17. The street leading to our house is very wide. 18. I heard of your sister's having been sent abroad. 19. The architectural monuments are being restored. 20. While travelling one sees a lot of interesting things. 21. I was very tired from all the questioning. 22. He prefers painting in oil.23. He was against giving me an interview.

Exercise 28. This exercise includes examples of both -ing forms, the gerund and the present participle. Either present participle or infinitive without -to- can be used after verbs of the senses. Put the verbs in brackets into a correct form. Translate the sentences into Russian.

1. When the painter felt the ladder (begin) (slip) he grabbed the gutter (save) himself from (fall). 2. The snow kept (fall) and the workmen grew tired of (try) (keep) the roads clear. 3. He offered (lend) me the money. I didn't like (take) it but I had no alternative. 4. Do you remember (read) about it? - No, at that time I was too young (read) newspapers. 5. Did you remember (book) seats for the theatre tomorrow? -Yes, I have the tickets here. Would you like (keep) them? I am inclined (lose) theatre tickets. 6. Try (avoid) (be) late. He hates (be) kept (wait). 7. I didn't know how (get) to your house so I stopped (ask) the way. 8. I wish you would stop (make) that horrible noise. You can't hear anyone (speak). 9. He heard the clock (strike) six and knew that it was time for him (get) up. 10. Did you advise him (go) to the police? - No, I didn't like (give) any advice on such a difficult matter. 11. It is easy (see) animals on the road in daylight but sometimes at night it is very difficult (avoid) (hit) them. 12. The fire seems (be) out. It can't be quite out. 1 can hear the wood (crackle). 13. I'm not used to (drive) on the left. When you see everyone else (do) it you'll find it quite easy (do) yourself. 14. It is pleasant (sit) by the fire at night and (hear) the wind (howl) outside. 15. There was no way of (get) out of the building except by (climb) down a rope and Ann was too terrified (do) this. 16. It's no good (write) to him; he never answers letters. The only thing (do) is (go) and (see) him.

Exercise 29. Translate the texts, paying special attention to -ing forms.

Some skills of negotiating

Negotiating over the telephone is never as good as negotiating face-to-face, because of the increased difficulty of listening effectively. Unless you are very careful and very clever, telephone conversations rob you of much of the data that comes to you almost automatically during a face-to-face meeting. The gestures, the facial expressions, the sidelong glances between members of the other parts - all these are lost in the telephone negotiation.

Don't check to see if you were understood

This rule is very important for would-be bad communicators. If you spend time checking to see whether you were understood, all the other efforts you make to be a bad communicator can be thrown out the window. Don't give the other person a chance to say «I didn't understand.» Otherwise, you'll have to clarify. If you want to be unclear, do your deed and skedaddle (удирать) before anybody can ask any questions.

Walk away and talk at the same time

Toss your request, instruction, or demand flippantly over your shoulder as you are walking away from the person to whom you are speaking. Preferably, avoid looking at the other person during conversation. This denies virtually any possibility of being understood. And you haven't wasted those precious seconds required to face the person you are talking to and make eye contact.

Don't permit any objections or questions

Don't permit any response. The other person may be taking up your time to understand the niggling information. Toss out whatever you have to say and cut off the discussion. Anything further would just help to clarify what you are saying.

Reaching out and touching someone

The higher up a person is on the corporate ladder, the more his or her time is protected. You may have to get past various staff members who screen calls. Sometimes, all the skills of negotiating the deal are necessary to get a screener to put you at the top of the priority list.

Leaving a message

If you can't reach the person, you often have to leave a message. If someone is taking down the message for you, make your comments brief. If you are recording the message on a machine, you can include more detail, but still be concise. Pack in the information in as few words as possible and be logical.

To add importance to your message and avoid playing phone tag, you may inquire when you can call back. If that doesn't work, give two or three times when you can be reached. One of these approaches is almost certain to work. Arranging a time for the next call elevates your importance and engages the assistant in making the next call the one that connects with the boss.

Gathering in front of the telephonic campfire

If one or two other people within your organization need to be included in the conference, invite them into your office and use the speakerphone. That way, at least the two or three of you who are together don't lose the benefit of sharing gestures, documents, and facial expressions. Be sure to read the section in this chapter on equipment although we can summarize our advice here: get the best.

For a very important meeting, you can even set up a video telephonic conference. Thanks to video conferencing, sending your image along with your voice is no longer science fiction. Desktop videoconferencing is fine for some applications, but the small picture size and the jerky quality of PC-based video-conferencing is a very poor substitute for face-to-face meetings. Room-based video-conference centers provide the large-screen images that show subtle communication clues contained in body language. These systems are really helpful when groups of executives are assembled for a meeting.

Conferencing with your own equipment

These days, most office phones have conferencing capabilities. Don't miss out on your phone's conference feature just because the procedure seems like too much trouble. Using conference calling saves you the time of having one conversation and then calling someone else to repeat the message. Conferencing also maximizes accuracy of communications and prevents delays. Because all parties are hearing the same thing, everyone's confidence level in the negotiation is at its highest.

Conference calling works when you have at least two phone lines. On a single line, you pay the local telephone company for this feature.

Asking for help

Hooking up four people to a private conversation using standard equipment is possible, if you are willing to pay a little extra for a phone with this feature. Arranging a conference call through the telephone company is usually a better approach, if you want more than three people on the line at the same time. This is especially important if they are to be on the line the entire time rather than just a small portion of the conversation.

The charges are quite nominal. The phone companies are glad to get the long distance business and charge very little for the convenience of coordinating all the callers, taking a roll call at the beginning of the phone meeting, and providing the best possible voice quality.

Elevate the Occasion

The biggest disadvantage of telephone negotiation is that the convenience of the telephone can cause people to devalue the importance of the negotiating session.

Frequently, when negotiators save time by using the telephone, instead of putting some of that time back into the actual discussion, they hurry through the conversation as if it were less important than if they had spent unproductive time commuting and getting settled in.

Never lose sight of the fact that every communication is important during a negotiation, whether by telephone, letter, or face-to-face discussion.

PART III

The Infinitive

(Инфинитив)

Формы

	Active	Passive
Indefinite (одновременность действия)	to produce During the war the plants managed to produce more ammunition. …произвести…	to be produced More goods of a better quality are to be produced in the near future. …будет произведено..
Continuous (длительность действия)	to be producing The plant is known to be producing a great variety of goods. …производит…	_____
Perfect (предшествование действия)	to have produced The plant is known to have produced a new model of a car. …произвел…	to have been produced The equipment is known to have been produced at this factory. … было произведено...
Perfect Сontinuous (длительность действия)	to have been producing The plant is known to have been producing this equipment all these years. … производит…	_____