Употребление инфинитива без частицы “to”

(the bear infinitive):

- после модальных глаголов (кроме глагола dare в отрицательной форме, а также кроме глагола ought)

Can she have changed so much?

How dare you ask such a question?

- после выражений would rather (sooner), had better, rather

(sooner) ... than; cannot but

Rather (sooner) than go by car, I'd take a walk.

- в вопросах с why (зачем);

Why not come and talk to her yourself?

Exercise 5. Insert "to" where necessary before the infinitives in brackets.

1. She can (sing) quite well. 2. He will be able (swim) very soon.3. I used (live) next door to him. 4. You ought (go) today. 5. You needn't (say) anything. Just nod your head and he will (understand).6. I want (see) the house where our president was born. 7. You needn't (ask) for permission; you can (use) it whenever you like. 8. If you want (get) there before dark you should (start) at once. 9. I couldn't (remember) his address. 10. You'll be able (do) it yourself when you are older. 11. Would you like (go) now or shall we (wait) till the end? 12. How dare you (open) my letters! 13. He didn't dare (argue) with his boss. 14. I used (smoke) forty cigarettes a day. 15. Will you help me (move) the bookcase? 16. They refused (accept) the bribe. 17. Where would you like (have) lunch? 18. You can (leave) your dog with us if you don't (want) (take) him with you. 19. We could (go) to a concert, unless you'd prefer (visit) a museum. 20. The kidnappers told the parents (not inform) the police, and the parents didn't dare (disobey). 21. Need I (come)? I'd much rather (stay) at home. 22. It may (rain) tomorrow. 23. May I (use) your phone?

Exercise 6. In each of the following pairs of sentences the infinitive used in the first sentence is repeated in the second. Read the sentences, ex­pressing this second infinitive by "to" only as in the model.

Model: Why didn't you tell me the truth the first time? ~ I meant to

tell you the truth but I was too frightened.

I meant to but I was too frightened.

1. Why didn't you pay the bill for him? ~I offered to pay it but he refused.

2. Have you put the car in the garage? ~ No, but I'm just going to put it there.

3. I want you two to apologize to each other. ~Well, I am willing to apologize if he apologizes first.

4. Did you reserve seats on the train? ~No, I tried to reserve them but they had all been booked already.

5. Did you answer the letter? ~ No, I intended to answer it but I'm afraid I forgot.

6. I'd love to spend a night in a haunted room. ~ I'd hate to spend a night in a haunted room.

7. Why didn't you ask your father for the money? ~I didn't like to ask him.

8. Did you buy sausages? ~ No, I meant to buy them but I forgot.

9. Why doesn't he try again? ~ He doesn't want to try again.

10. You should have thanked her before you left. ~I meant to thank her but when I was going I couldn't find her anywhere.

11. Why did she put parsley in the soup? ~ I told her to put it in.

12. Why did he drive so fast? ~ He had to drive fast: otherwise he'd have missed his train.

13. Why are we trying to get planning permission? ~We have to get planning permission. It is the law.

14. I meant to work hard. ~I know you meant to work hard but you didn't.

15. Did you visit the Pyramids? ~ No, I wanted to visit them but there wasn't time.

16. Why do you wear dark glasses? ~I have to wear them; I have weak eyes.

17. Do you smoke? ~ No, I used to smoke but I don't now.

18. Would you like to go to the theatre tonight? ~Yes, I'd love to go to the theatre.

19. Did you get a chance to fly the aeroplane yourself? ~No, I wanted to fly it but the pilot wouldn't let me.

20. Why didn't he repair the car himself? ~ He wasn't able to repair it.

21. I used to drink whisky with my meals. ~ I used to drink whisky with my meals also but I don't now.

22. You should visit the Prado when you are in Madrid. ~Yes, I intend to visit it.

23. You ought to stop work now. ~ Yes, I am just going to stop.

Exercise 7. Translate these sentences into Russian.

1. Why not give the overall objectives at the beginning of the talks? 2. I think it was honest of Bill to reject that offer. 3. It was good of you to clear up that regrettable misunderstanding. 4. You had better send the letter by air mail. 5. Why not begin the talks by putting people at ease? 6. I would rather learn more about the person with whom I am going to negotiate. 7. It's been kind of you to accept my invitation. 8. You needn't ask for permission, I'll give you my books whenever you like. 9. We risk to lose everything if we fail. 10. I think you should contact this firm. 10. Why did you bring your friend? I particularly asked you not to. 11. Could you tell me the time, please? 12. Why doesn't he punish his boys when they disobey him? - He often threatens to but he never actually does.

Exercise 8. Add sentences of advice to each of the following. The words in brackets are to help you.

Model: A. I’ve got a very bad toothache. (dentist)

B. You’d better go to (or see) a dentist.

a) Begin your sentences with: You…

1. There are a lot of difficult words in this text. (dictionary) 2. I can’t see the blackboard. (at the front) 3. The train leaves at 7 a.m. (get up) 4. He won’t get a letter in time. (a telegram) 5. I’m sorry, but I can’t answer your question. (someone else) 6. It’s getting dark. (switch on).

b) Begin your sentences with: I…

1. He doesn’t know the way from the station. (meet). 2. This letter is important. (register) 3. My shirt is dirty. (clean) 4. You can’t move this table by yourself. (help) 5. It’s cold in this room. (windows) 6. The police are going to question me. (the truth).

c) Begin your sentences with: They…

1. Some students make a lot of careless mistakes. (more careful) 2. The house is much too big for them. (smaller) 3. Those children are shivering with cold. (their coats) 4. They won’t be able to catch the 10 o’clock train. (wait) 5. I think those people have lost their way. (policeman).

Exercise 9. Complete the sentences. Use the infinitive to express advice, prefer­ence.

1. You look tired and exhausted. You had better... 2. If I have time to spare I would rather... 3. The trousers are too baggy, you’d better… 4. If you feel out of sorts, you'd better... 5. To save the trouble of standing in a line, I'd rather... 6. You say you can't do all the shop­ping by yourself. You’d better.... 7. It's very cold today, you'd better... 8. Travelling by air did not produce any impression on me. We had better... 9. We can't accept your offer, I'm afraid. You had better...

Exercise 10. Recommend your friend how to behave when giving: a) a talk, b) an interview, etc. Use expressions “would rather (sooner)”, “had better, rather (sooner)… than”. Use the phrases given below.

Model: You’d better find out why the seller is selling.

- to start with friendly conversation

- to write down everything you know about the person with whom you

are negotiating

- to decide what to wear

- to choose a respective negotiating environment

- to mind the importance of seating

- to sit next to the person with whom you need to consult quickly

- to sit opposite the person with whom you have the most conflict

- to remember that meals are not a good time to negotiate anything of

any importance

- to scrawl out all things you want to talk about before the negotiations

- to be quick-witted and able to respond to questions

- to establish your negotiating goals

- to be a good listener

- to describe the steps of the task

- to point out where to find other references on the task

Exercise 11. Translate the following sentences into English.

1. Вам бы лучше немедлен­но подать заявление на эту вакантную должность. 2. Я бы предпочел ждать вас в вестибюле. 3. Секретарь полагал, что уже назначил встречу этому посетителю. 4. Она была рада, что не истратила деньги на такую бесполезную вещь. 5. Мне повезло, что я побывал на этом спектакле. 6. Гости­ница слишком мала, чтобы разместить нашу делегацию. 7. По­чему бы нам не вернуться к нашему первому предложению? 8. Путешествие на самолете меня не впечатляет. Я бы предпочел ехать поездом. 9. Чтобы решить эту проблему, вам лучше со­брать больше фактического материала. 10. Нам не удалось ее найти, т.к. она поменяла адрес. 11. Он не достаточно опытен, чтобы занимать такой пост.12. Слишком поздно, чтобы переносить встречу. 13. Не могли бы вы мне по­мочь поднять этот тяжелый ящик?

Exercise 12. Translate the following sentences paying attention to the transla­tion of modal verbs with the Perfect Infinitive.

cannot have (done) — не может быть, чтобы ... (вряд ли...)

1. Не cannot have translated this text without a dictionary. 2. She cannot have done such a thing. 3. They cannot have come so late. 4. He cannot have helped them. 5. These contacts cannot have been necessary. 6. He cannot have placed an order with this firm.

can smb have (done) ? - неужели...?

1. Can she have said so? 2. Can he have won the first prize at the competition? 3. Can it have been possible to come to the meeting and not to discuss the problem? 4. Can the terms of payment have altered? 5. Can he have entered the institute at the age of 15?

could have (done) — мог бы сделать (но не сделал)

1. They could have taken their examination yesterday. 2. The firm could have informed us about those changes in time. 3. He could have arrived two days ago but he failed to book seats for the train beforehand. 4. He could have occupied a lower berth as there was nobody else in the compartment but he preferred an upper one. 5. John's son could have got into trouble the day before yesterday.

may have (done) — возможно (сделал) .

1. They may have known each other, but I am not sure. 2. The meeting may not have been fixed yet. 3. They may have taken all the necessary steps, but I am not at all sure. 4. His suggestion may have been of little value. 5. He may have raised the question at yesterday's production meeting, but I am not quite sure as the question is still unsettled.6. He may have tried to convince them but failed.

must have (done) —должно быть, возможно (сделал)

1. It must have taken them much time to produce publicity material. 2. You must have had plenty of free time at your disposal then. 3. The announcement must have been made an hour ago. 4. The pres­entation must have seemed quite ordinary to him, because he didn't speak very highly of it. 5. It's no use hurrying, the shops must have been shut.6. The party was just an official function. You must have felt bored.

ought to have (done) — следовало бы сделать (но не сделал)

I. They ought to have written this letter yesterday. 2. She ought to have returned this book two days ago. 3. He ought to have been pres­ent at the meeting. 4. They ought to have come in time. 5. She ought to accept your offer

should have (done) — следовало бы сделать (но не сделал)

1. Не should have stayed at home yesterday. 2. You should have spo­ken to our dean last Monday. 3. They should have waited for the teacher after the examination. 4. He should have discussed the matter as it is very urgent. 5. We should have left an hour ago.

Exercise 13. Paraphrase the following sentences as in the models.

Model 1: -I am sure he has delivered a good speech.

-He must have delivered a good speech.

1. Probably they forgot to call me. 2. The firm certainly profited from this sale. 3. Evidently the country has always imported these goods. 4. I am sure they have solved the problem. 5. Evidently the secretary finished translating the letter. 6. He certainly forgot to send them a telegram. 7. Probably I have seen you somewhere before. Your face is familiar to me. 8. Probably things like that cost much. 9. Evidently Mr. Van has got a discount. 10. They certainly gave him all the necessary information about this place. 11. I haven't heard from him yet. He is probably away on business. 12. There is a lighted window on the third floor. A clerk is probably catching up on his work.

Model 2: Perhaps he came to see us.

He may have come to see us.

1. It is possible that they have already left Moscow. 2. Perhaps she has been dismissed from work.3. It is possible that celebrated politi­cians delivered their speeches in this great hall. 4. Maybe the secre­tary has already let them know the day of our arrival. 5. It is possible that the Central Bank merged with two savings banks because of the economic crisis. 6. Perhaps I have left my glasses in the car. 7. It is possible that the clerk has left your telephone number on my desk. 8. Perhaps Ms Smith has dropped her purse in the market. 9. Maybe he made an appointment for 5 o'clock. 10. Perhaps they wanted to meet again.

Model 3: A. He says he saw Mary at the dance.

B. He couldn’t have seen her. She wasn’t there.

He says he…

1. had an argument with Tom at the party. (Tom wasn’t there) 2. came up by the lift (The lift wasn’t working.) 3. carried it himself. (It weighs a ton.) 4. got sunburnt in Hyde Park in November. (The sun isn’t strong enough.) 5. swam across the Irish Sea. (It is too wide.) 6. heard your clock strike. (My clock doesn’t strike) 7. went by train. (The railway line is closed.)

Exercise 14. Use the perfect infinitive of the verb in italics. Phrases in bold type should not be repeated.

Model 1: It is possible that he telephoned while we were out.

He may have telephoned while we were out.

Model 2: You (thank) him for his present but you didn't.

You should have thanked him for his present.

1. I realized that my house was on fire.

~That (be) a terrible moment.

2. I saw a ghost last night.

~You (not see ) a ghost; there aren't any ghosts. You (dream) it.

3. It is possible that a child broke the window.

4. You carried it yourself, which was not necessary.

5. I've had a toothache for two days.

~You (go) to the dentist when it started.

5. There (be) motor-cycle races on the sands but as it is so wet they have

been cancelled.

5. As I was standing in the hall your dog bit me.

~It (not be) my dog; he was with me all day. It (be) my brother's dog.

5. I feel terribly ill today.

~You (not eat) those mushrooms yesterday. Mushrooms don't agree

with you.

9. I wonder why he didn't answer?

~Possibly he didn't understand the question.

10. I gave him a tip, which was not necessary.

11. The prisoner (escape) this way, for here are his footprints.

12. You lied to him, which was wrong.

13.I didn't recognize the voice at the other end of the line.

~It (be) my elder sister; she is often at home at that time. It (not be) my

youngest sister as she is abroad.

14. Someone (cook) a meal here lately; the stove is still hot.

15. I've brought my own sandwiches.

~You (not bring) them. I have enough for two.

14. The burglar went straight to the safe although it was hidden behind a

picture. ~ Someone (tell) him where it was.

17. The president {unveil) the statue, but he is ill so his wife is doing it

instead.

17. The plane is late; I wonder what has happened?

~Possibly it was delayed by fog.

17. I have never met him.

~You (meet) him; he lives next door to you.

20. I (do) it. (It was my duty to do it, but I didn't.)

Exercise 15. Role-play the situation the end of which is done for you.

1... they may have been held up somewhere.

2….and besides he must have gained much experience.

3...and the president said, " You should have attended to the matter

yourself."

4... and said, “You should have done the work with more responsibility”.

5... and his wife whispered, “You might have booked better seats”.

Exercise 16. Translate the following sentences into English.

1. Ему не было необходимости посылать телеграмму. Они уже получили его запрос. 2. Вы могли бы предупредить меня раньше. Я ничего не знал о случившемся. 3. Он много работал в последнее время. Он, должно быть, устал. 4. Вам не нужно было так спешить. Спектакль отменили. 5. Она, должно быть, плохо училась в течение семестра, поэтому так плохо сдала экзамены. 6. Странно, что он не открыл дверь. Может быть, он не слышал звонка. 7. Вы говорите, что ваш сын сломал будильник. Вам не следовало разрешать ему играть с ним. 8. Зачем вы купили хлеб? Не нужно было этого делать, у нас его еще много. 9. Вам не следовало вчера гулять под дождем. 10. Вам не нужно заполнять никакого блан­ка.