Образец выполнения 2 (к упр. II)

1. Having witnessed the crime, he was expected to give evidence in court.	Став свидетелем преступления, ожидалось, что он даст показания в суде.
2. The students working hard at their English know the language very well.	Студенты, усердно работающие над английским, знают язык очень хорошо.
3. The translation having been done, we went for a short walk.	Когда был сделан перевод, мы пошли на прогулку.

Образец выполнения 3 (к упр. III)

1. They would have sent us some information if there had been anything to send.	Они отправили бы нам какую-нибудь информацию, если было бы что отправить.
2. He would give you the money if he had it.	Он дал бы тебе денег, если бы у него они были.
3. If I find your passport I’ll telephone you at once.	Если я найду твой паспорт, я сразу тебе позвоню.

Вариант 1

I. Перепишите и письменно переведите на русский язык следующие предложения. Помните, что объектный и субъектный инфинитивные обороты соответствуют придаточным предложениям. (см. образец выполнения 1).

1. The fire is believed to have started late last night.

2. The manager asked for the documents to be brought.

3. Ann was the first to be invited.

2. Перепишите и письменно переведите на русский язык следующие предложения. Обратите внимание на перевод зависимого и независимого (самостоятельного) причастных оборотов (см. образец выполнения 2).

1. Having finished his experiment, the scientist published an article about its results.

2. The problems being discussed now are very important.

3. The proposal being unconstitutional, the committee rejected it.

3. Перепишите и письменно переведите на русский язык следующие сложные предложения. Обратите внимание на перевод условных предложений. (см. образец выполнения 3).

1. The accident wouldn’t have happened if the driver had observed the traffic rules.

2. She would call you immediately if she needed help.

3. The police will arrest him if they catch him.

4. Прочитайте и устно переведите с 1-го по 6-й абзацы текста. Перепишите и письменно переведите 1, 2, 3,4, 5 и 6-й абзацы.

Пояснения к тексту

1. redress -	удовлетворение
2. litigant -	сторона (в судебном процессе)

THE HISTORY OF COURT

1. Court, also called court of law is a person or body of persons having judicial authority to hear and determine disputes in particular cases, civil, criminal, ecclesiastical, or military. The term «court» also denotes the chamber, hall building, or other place where such judicial proceedings take place.

2. The word «court» originally meant simply an enclosed place, and still does in the architectural sense. Judicial tribunals were originally enclosures where the judges sat, while counsel, attorneys, and the general public had to remain on the outside of a bar; hence, the expression «called to the bar» is used to apply to a lawyer newly qualified to practise. At first these enclosures were temporary structures in an open field; later, they became fixtures in a large room or hall, the courtroom.

3. Archaeologists and anthropologists have established the existence of courts in simple societies over wide areas of Asia, Africa, and Europe. Primitive courts formed part of a complex social structure in which administrative, judicial, and religious functions were intermingled. The proceedings consisted in large part of rituals designed to secure the redress of grievances presented by individuals against other individuals.

4. In the highly developed civilizations of antiquity, notably those of Assyria and Egypt, judicial and executive functions were undifferentiated and were centralized in the monarch as head of state.

5. In the judicial system of ancient Athens, a unique feature, introduced by the lawgiver Solon in the 6^th century BC, was the right of aggrieved litigants to appeal the decisions of magistrates to the people of Athens, assembled as a «public assembly».

6. The evolution of courts in ancient Rome was marked by the development of a complex structure in which criminal, civil and other jurisdictions were differentiated and were exercised by separate courts and officials.

7. From the 12^th century onward the increasing number of university-trained civilians and canonists created a recognized legal profession, and the rise of the legal profession also determined the gradual separation of judicial from administrative functions.

5. Прочитайте 7-й абзац текста и ответьте письменно на следующий вопрос:

What did the creation of a legal profession cause?