Text 2. Ukrainian physicists

The development of physics, one of the fundamental natural sciences, has always played a vital role in the progress of mankind, Ukrainian physicists having greatly contributed to it. However, in the former USSR the science of Ukraine was not recognized at the world level. It was associated only with Soviet or Russian science. For instance, few people know that Academician Petro Kapitsa (1894-1984) was of Ukrainian origin. The main fields of his scientific research were magnetism, physics of plasma and physics of low temperatures. It was for fundamental research in this latter field, that Petro Kapitsa was awarded the Nobel Prize in 1978.

Another famous physicist Volodymyr Linnyk (1889-1984) was bom in Kharkiv and graduated from Kyiv University. He worked out a number of methods in the field of applied physical optics and designed various devices for observation of astronomical objects.

Dmytro Rozhansky (1882-1936) was born in Kyiv. After graduating from St Petersburg University, he worked in the Electrotechnical Institute under the guidance of Alexander Popov. Later Dmytro Rozhansky founded a special school for radiophysicists in Kharkiv. Here he worked on the development of short-wave transmitters*, and carried out research into characteristic distinction of the propagation** of ultra-short radio-

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waves. Dmytro Rozhansky was one of the first to start the work on the development of radar (a special installation for radio-location).

One should also mention the Patons, father and son, both of them being Presidents of the Academy of Sciences of Ukraine. Yevhen Paton (1870-1953) devoted his works to bridge construction and automation of welding processes. Under his supervision, the technology and apparatuses for automatic assembly welding*** were developed. Borys Paton was born in Kyiv in 1918, and graduated from Kyiv Polytechnic Institute. He also worked in the field of electric welding and special electric metallurgy. Following the initiative of Academician Borys Paton, a wide network of experimental enterprises (pilot plants) was established by the Academy of Sciences of Ukraine in the 1960s in our country. These scientific and technological complexes proved efficient in solving many complicated problems and facilitating the industrial application of scientific inventions and developments.

*short-wave transmitter - коротко-хвильовий передавач, ♦♦characteristic distinction of propagation - особливосп поширення, ***assembly welding - монтажне зварювання.

Text 3. О. SMAKULA

O. Smakula is a world known Ukrainian scientist. He was bom on the 9th of Sep­tember 1900 in the village of Dobrovody, Zbarazh district, Temopil region. Still at school, he took great interest in natural sciences and in foreign languages. In 1922 he finished the course of studies in Temopil gymnasium and left for Germany where he became a student of Gettingen University, a famous scientific centre of that time. Such prominent physicists as V. Heizenberg, N. Bohr and R. Pol worked at the University at that time.

In 1927 O.Smakula obtained the Doctor of Philosophy degree. Working at the Physical Institute in Gettingen, he sent many of his articles to be published in the Pro­ceedings of the Mathematics and Natural Sciences Section of T.Shevchenko Scientific Society in Lviv, thus developing physical science in Ukraine. The end of the 1920s is known to be the period of establishing the fundamental physical theory, quantum mechanics.

O. Smakula actively participated in the seminars organised by V. Heizenberg and M. Bom, the founders of quantum mechanics. He was one of the first scientists who used the concepts of quantum mechanics to study the mechanisms of interaction of elec­tromagnetic radiation with solids. In 1930 he published his scientific paper in which concepts and parameters of quantum oscillators were used to describe the crystal ra­diation colouring in terms of qualitative mathematical relation known as the Smakula formula. This formula is known all over the world over and it is referred to in all textbooks and monographs.

From 1930 till 1934 O. Smakula headed the Optical Laboratory of the research in­stitute in Heidelberg, working on the problems of optics and crystal spectroscopy. In 1951 O.Smakula was invited to the USA and offered a professorship at Massathusets Technological Institute,where he organized and headed the laboratory of crystal physics in

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1964. At the Institute O. Smakula created a powerful scientific school which is famous for its topical research in the field of solid state electronics. He carried out investigations in technology and properties of electro-optical materials and optical communication in atmosphere; thin films, secondary electron emission, new non-linear and semiconductor crystals. Professor Smakula is the author of more than 100 important scientific papers and holder of many patents widely used by scientists in the world.

Text 4. OUTSTANDING UKRAINIAN ARCHITECTS

Yulian Octavian Zakharievych was a professor of Lviv Technical Academy. He founded his own architectural school, whose representatives further became professors of the Building Department. Among them were Theodor Talyovsky, Ivan Zubrylsky, Oleksandr Biborsky, Tadeush Obminsky and others. Yulian Zakharievych became famous for his designs of such monumental buildings as the main building of Lviv Polytechnic, Halytsky Savings Bank, Industrial Museum etc. Besides the afore mentioned designs, he was the author of different architectural projects in Vilno, Berezhany, Zarichchia and other towns. The first catalogue of the works of art appeared in 1885-1888 on his own initiative.

Theodor Talyovsky (1857-1910) is regarded to have been the master of Neo-Gothic style. Having graduated from Lviv Polytechnic College, he started his architectural practice in Krakiv: designing both dwelling houses and sacred constructions. In 1901 he was appointed professor of Lviv Polytechnic. We can see Th.Talyovsky’s buildings in many places of the former “Kingdoms of Halytchyna and Lodomoriya”. They are shaping the appearance of a number of small towns near Lviv.

Vasyl and Yevhen Nahirny, father and son, were Galician architects. Vasyl Nahimy is considered to have founded a new national style in sacred building. In 1871 he entered Lviv Polytechnic, but later left for Zurich. After graduating from Zurich Polytechnic, he worked in Switzerland for eleven years. Later he returned to Lviv where he designed churches. His works number 200 churches. His son Yevhen (1885-1951) was a gifted follower of his father. He graduated from Lviv Polytechnic where he was trained by Prof. I. Levynsky. He was the author of 400 various projects, the large majority of which were implemented. After World War П he worked as an inspector-architect and wrote a book dedicated to the architecture of Lviv and Lviv region.

Tadeush Obminsky (1874-1932, Lviv) graduated from the Architectural Department of Lviv Polytechnic College in 1898. Later he worked as a laboratory assistant, a teacher and professor. From that time on he closely coUaborated with Ivan Levynsky’s factory, one of the biggest building companies in Halytchyna. His creative technique was based on the synthesis of contemporary building methods and traditions of wooden architecture. As a researcher he introduced the most essential features of the folk art into civil engineering. Among his most interesting works we should mention “People’s Hotel”, Sknyliv aircraft hangars, the Library of Lviv Polytechnic etc.

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Vladyslav Horodetsky (1863-1930) was Polish by birth and Ukrainian by spirit. His name is shrouded in legends. He was born in the village of Sholud’ky in Podillya (now Virmytsia region). He graduated from St. Petersburg Imperial Academy of Arts (architectural department) in 1890. He was a talented hard-working person.'His most famous structures were built in 1889-1902. They are National Art Museum, St. Nicholas Roman Catholic Cathedral, two buildings of Russian Insurance Agency in Khreshchatyk (not extand). The peak of his creative activity was the construction of his private house at 10, Bankova Str. (Kyiv), the so-called "The House with Chimeras” which was built in 1903. The building became famous due to the design of the facade and interior which was decorated with the odd sculptures made by his friends Elio and Eugenio Sala. The majority of the sculptures were called into being by the 39-year-old architect’s fantasy. The others were caused by his passion for hunting. The House has become a model of the early modern architecture in Kyiv and the best advertisement for cement application both as building and plastic material for decorating facades. Cement was not popular at that time and it was given gratis for his construction.

There was a legend that this fantastic House was built as a sign of grief for his daughter who had drowned. But that is not true: his daughter Helena lived in Kyiv a long and happy life. Among the common legends was the mass-media canard* about the restoration of the House as the presidential residence. In 2000 Vladyslav Horodetsky was nominated the “Architect of the Century” title.

* canard - безглузда чутка; газетна вигадка

(Adaptedfrom “Building Otherwise/Будуемо такте”.

№4,5,6,2000; №2,2001;

http://www.library,cotn/publications/2003/...)

** SECTION VI. EXTENDED READING jj

Task 3.29. Read the text and render it Into Ukrainian: