Complex sentences

A complex sentence is a sentence that consists of the main clause (головне речення) and one or more subordinate clauses (тдрядт речення). A subordinate clause is a dependent sentence: it cannot be used without the main clause. The idea conveyed by the main clause is not complete without a subordinate clause. Subordinate clauses are often connected to the main clause with the help of connectors or conjunctions. A subordinate clause may follow or precede the main clause. There are different types of subordinate clauses.

Subject clauses (тдметові тдрядт речення) perform the function of a subject. They are connected with the main clause in the following ways: a) by means of the conjunctions that, if, whether; b) by means of the connectors who, which, what, whoever, whatever, where, when, how, why.

Whether their effort to develop an appropriate plan of action was a success is still not obvious. Чи 1хня спроба розробити вщповщний план дш принесла результат -дос1 не е очевидним.

Who the presenter was and whose interests he supported was unknown.

Ким був доповщач i чш штереси вш шдтримував, було невщомо.

Predicative clauses (предикативш тдрядт речення) perform the function of a predicative. The peculiarity of complex sentences with a predicative clause is that in the main clause we find only part of the predicate, i.e. a link verb, which together with the predicative clause forms a compound nominal predicate. These subordinate clauses are connected with the main clause in the following ways:

755. by means of the conjunctions that, if, whether, as if;

756. by means of the connector who, which, what, where, when, how, why.

Our attitude simply is that facts are facts. Наше ставлення таке: факта е фактами.

The problem was how to complete the task on time. Проблема полягала в тому, як закшчити проект вчасно.

Students' reseach work

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Object clauses {додаткові тдрядт речення) perform the function of an object to the predicate-verb of the main clause. They are connected with the main clause in the following ways:

757. by means of the conjunctions that, if, whether; , ,.

758. by means of the connectives who, which, what, whatever, whoever, whichever;

759. asyndetically (без сполучника)

Time will show whether I am right or wrong. Час покаже, я правий чи hi. I am not sure where exactly the workshop will be held. Я не впевнений в тому, де саме буде проведено семшар.

Attributive clauses (означальш тдрядш речення) serve as an attribute to a noun in the main clause. They are introduced by:

760. relative pronouns who, whose, which, that

761. relative adverbs where, when

762. asyndetically

You could not but feel sympathy for a man who failed such an important presentation. Вам не залишаеться шчого, KpiM сшвчуття до людини, яка провалила таку важливу презенташю.

The time has come when he is expected to make an important decision. Прийшов час, коли вщ нього очшують прийняття важливого ргшення.

There was simply nothing else he could do to improve the situation in the company. Просто бшьше шчого не було, що б ще вш Mir зробити для покращення ситуацп в компанп.'

Adverbial clauses (обставинш шдрядш речения) perform the function of an adverbial modifier. There are the following types of adverbial clauses: adverbial clauses of time, place, cause(reason), purpose, condition, concession, result, manner, comparison. The common connectors are:

Time (часу)	after, before, since, when, while, whenever, as, as soon as, once, until, as/so long as, by the time (that), now that
Place (мюця)	where, wherever
Cause (причини)	because, since, so (that), in order (that), as
Purpose (мети)	that, in order that, lest
Condition (умовш)	if, unless, even if, only if, in case (that), whether or not, in the event (that), provided (that)
Concession faonycTOBi)	although, while, though, even though, whereas, whoever, whatever, whichever
Result (результату)	that, so
Manner (способу дп)	as if, as though
Comparison (nopiBffiUIbHi)	than, as

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Unit4

Task 4.19. Read the following complex sentences with different types of subordi­nate clauses, translate them into Ukrainian, and put questions to the subordinate clauses, where possible: Subject Clauses:

763. Whether you have sufficient computer skills is very important for your future employment. = It is very important for your future employment whether you have sufficient computer skills.

764. What you need is practical experience.

765. If he will work in the students translation bureau depends on his command of English.

Predicative Clauses:

766. The question is how we’ll solve this problem.

767. That is why she has chosen this speciality.

768. The matter was that he couldn’t submit his course project on time.

Object Clauses:

769. The dean has just told us who will make reports at the next seminar.

770. The lab assistant will explain how this installation works.

771. We didn’t know where he had studied programming before he entered our university.

Attributive Clauses:

772. The student whose presentation is the best will be awarded a certificate.

773. There are many reasons why students should participate in research work.

774. He is a member of the students scientific society where he perfects his qualification in the field he majors in.

Adverbial Clauses

of time: 13. He will work as a software engineer after he graduates from our university, of place: 14. They want to work where they can apply their theoretical knowledge to

practice. of reason: 15. He hasn’t written the report because he couldn’t find some essential

information on the subject, of purpose: 16. They have arranged a very convenient time-table so that every student

could come and carry out experiments in this lab, of manner: 17. She completed her course project as fast as she could. of condition: 18. If he had read scientific journals, he would have known about the

latest achievements in this field of science.

Students ’ reseach work

131

Type	Main Clause	Connectors	Subordinate Clause
	(Tenses to be used)		(Tenses to be used)
ConditionalI	Present, Future		Present instead of Future
(real for
present and	Presentations are		presenters put enough
future) реальна	always successful,		effort into their preparation.
умова, Real	Презентацп завжди		доповщач1 докладають
Condition	мають ycnix,		достатньо зусиль для i'x шдготовки.
	You will be a success	if, in case,	you put enough effort into
	with your		its preparation.
	presentation,		прикладете достатньо
	Ви зробите усшшну		зусиль для н шдготовки.
	презентацию,
Conditional II	would, could, might +	provided,	Past Simple, Past
(unreal for	Indefinite or Continu-		Continuous ( were for all
present and	ous Infinitive	suppose,	persons is preferred, though
future)		(якщо, за	was is also common in
малоймов1рна		умови, що,	spoken English)
умова, що		у випадку,
етосуеться	You could make a	якщо),	you prepared well.
тепертшнього	successful	unless
та	presentation,	(якщо не)
■ майбутнього	Ви могли б зробити		якби добре
часу, уявна	усшшну		тдготувались.
ситуащя,	презентацию,
Improbable
Condition	I would prepare well for the next seminar,		I were you.
	Ябаобретдготував-		на твоему мкщ (якби був
	ся до наступного		тобою).
	семшару,

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Unit 4

Conditional III (unreal for ever) нереаль­на умова на-завжди, вона вже не вщбу-лася, стосується минулого, Unreal Condition	would, could, might + Perfect Infinitive You could have made a successful presentation yesterday Ви могли б зробити ycniumy презентацію вчора (але цього не сталося)		Past Perfect you had prepared better. якби краще тдготувалися (але ви цього не зробили)

Note: An if- clause can come at the beginning or at the end of a sentence. When it

comes first, it is often separated by