Inversion in Conditional Sentences

Adverbial clauses of condition containing the verbs had, were, would, could are often introduced without any conjunction. In these cases we find inversion (шверсія, змша прямого порядку cniB в стверджувальному реченш).

Had you come on time, you would have listened to an interesting presentation.

(If you had come on time ...). Якби ти прийшов вчасно, то послухав би щкаву презентацію.

Were you more attentive, you would always notice all the peculiarities of the reports made.

(If you were more attentive ...). Якби ти був уважшшим, то завжди помічав би особливосп проголошуваних доповідей.

Task 4.21, Put the verbs in brackets into the appropriate forms (use Conditional I)

775. If students (participate) in research work, they (perfect) their qualification.

776. If the students (require) further information, the teacher (give) them detailed instructions.

777. Her scientific advisor (be) sorry if she (not make) a report in rime.

778. I (to catch) the train home if the meeting (not finish) late.

779. If he (enjoy) his new job, he (work) better.

780. If graduates (maintain) close contacts with leading research institutions, they (learn) modern methods of scientific research.

781. If you (enter) our University, you (be involved) in research work from the first year of studies.

782. We (be able) to carry out experiments at the laboratory if we (acquire) necessary fundamental knowledge.

783. The students (defend) graduation projects successfully if they (work) hard during all years of studies.

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Task 4.22. Put the verbs in brackets into the appropriate forms (use Conditional II):

784. If there (be) any changes in the timetable, the Dean’s Office (inform) us about it.

785. If he (take) post-gradpate courses, he (know) the main methods of work on scientific

literature.

786. We (buy) this new equipment if it (not / be) so expensive.

787. If I (be) you, I (look through) those figures once more.

788. If your report (deal) with urgent problems of engineering, you (be awarded) a

diploma.

6. If you (work) in our students’ scientific society, you (learn) to design different

devices.

789. If our postgraduates (know) a foreign language, they (make) reports in it.

790. If students (write) scientific papers, they (submit) them for professional journal

publications.

9. If we (master) new approach to this phenomenon, we (confirm) our theory.

791. Engineers (obtain) precise data if they (notAack) appropriate equipment.

792. It (be) better if they (use) computer-aided design (CAD) while working at their research papers.

793. If specialists (find) a suitable technique, they (not/have) difficulties with their experiments.

Task 4. 23. Rewrite these sentences as Conditionals II. Follow the pattern.

The reason they are a leading research institute is that they make fundamental

investigations.

If they didn't make fundamental investigations, they wouldn't be a leading research

institute.

794. The reason the most promising graduates take post-graduate courses is that they enjoy R&D.

795. The reason I can’t contact the organisers of the scientific meeting is that I haven’t got their address.

796. The reason the results of his research are recommended for professional journal publication is that they are valuable enough.

4. The reason the audience understands his reports is that he speaks in a simplelanguage.

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5. The reason they treat you like this is that they don’t understand your behaviour.

Task 4. 24. Put the verbs in brackets into the appropriate forms.

797. If he (to know) English well, he (to defend) his graduation project'in a foreign language.

798. We (to move) to a bigger hall if the audience (to be) more numerous.

799. Her report (to be) better if she (to be) more prepared.

800. If your graduation paper (not contain) valuable information, it (not to be recommended) for professional journal publication.

801. Our university (to receive) a letter of invitation, if there (to be) a scientific conference.

Task 4.25. Rewrite these sentences as Conditionals III. Follow the pattern.

Unfortunately he didn’t notice this advertisement, so he didn’t apply for the job. If he had noticed this advertisement, he would have applied for the job.

802. Unfortunately he failed his exams and was expelled from the university.

803. It only happened because she didn’t follow the instructions of her scientific advisor.

804. My friend didn’t do much maths at school, so he found economics difficult at university.

805. We didn’t buy the equipment because it was so expensive. 5.1 didn't see him, so I ,ouldn't give him your messages

806. They tried a new approach and made fundamental investigations.

807. He was so interested in computer technology that he took it as his special field.

808. The researchers didn’t possess reliable information on the subject, that’s why they didn’t prove their hypothesis.

809. She acquired proper knowledge and practical skills, so she carried out independent investigation of this scientific problem.

Task 4.26. Put the verbs given in brackets into the appropriate forms:

Example: If Einstein (formulate) the relativity theory, somebody else (do) it.

If Einstein hadn’t formulated the relativity theory, somebody else would have done it.

810. If you (check) equipment before you started the experiment, you (not/have) any trouble with it.

811. If I (speak) more confidently at the interview, they (offer) me this job.

812. If our conference (not/be sponsored) by important organizations, it (not/be) successful.

813. If students (do) significant research, they (can publish) the results in scientific journals.

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■■■ ■■ ' ■ ■ ■■ -■ ■ ■■ -■■-■- - —

814. If you (be interested) in computer technology, you (enter) the Polytechnic University.

815. You (pass) mathematics if you (look through) all the necessary material thoroughly.

Task 4, 27. Complete the sentences:

816. I would participate in the work of this students’ scientific society...

817. She would have made a much more interesting report at a scientific seminar...

818. If the results of my research work were valuable enough for a professional journal publication...

819. Ihor would have become a student of the advanced group...

820. If I didn’t work under the guidance of my supervisor...

821. I would defend my graduation project in English...

822. If the students weren’t involved in research right from their first year of studies...

823. If I submitted my research project in time...

824. I would produce visual aids like other students...

10. If Olena defended her research work successfully ...11.1 would have been a member of the research team...

825. If I weren’t given a special course of lectures on methods of work on scientific literature...

826. Taras would have become a postgraduate...

827. If I wrote a graduation paper...

828. If I were a graduate...

829. If I were you...

830. Had I more free time...

831. If they had had more money...

832. Provided you were a chemist (an economist, a manager, an engineer, a program­mer) ...

833. If he had been invited to the conference...

834. Were you more attentive...

835. If our students carried out their experiment...

836. If she displayed her initiative...

837. Were she a promising undergraduate...

838. Provided she had known English better...

Task 4.28. Translate the following sentences into English using Conditionals:

1. Якщо отичасно оаплатит ззаористуванннянтернетом, ннеудеш мати ироблем 3i зв’язком. 2. Якби я мав достатньо грошей, то придбав би потужний комп'ютер. 3. Якби я янав вava acript, ,т Mir ги одержати цю роботу. .( 2ар1анти). .. Якби тт добре знав закони ринкової економжи, то To6i вдалося б уникнути невдачь 5. Шкода, що ои нн мав васу упийти вчора ан аекщю професора Коваля. Якби тт був присутнш на лекци, то д1знався б багато щкавого про сучасний стан техноло­ги виготовлення комп’ютерних чипв. 6. Якби менеджери не використовували

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сучасш шформацшш технологи, то ш було б набагато складнше приймати ефек-тивш ртшення. 7. Якщо ви братимете активну участь у студентськш науковш робоп, вам вдасться досягти бшьшого ycnixy у свош професшнш Kap'epi. 8. Якби ми скористалися шшим методом, проводячи експеримент вчора, то безумовно одержали б точншп результати. 9. Якщо ви не здасте вчасно свою курсову роботу, то ощнка буде знижена. 10. Було б етично правильним, якби Bci студенти не забували вказувати джерела шформацп, використано1 в сво'Гх рефератах. 11. Якщо вищий навчальний заклад не буде проводи™ достатньоК науково-дослщжп робота, BiH не матиме права одержати найвищий ршень акредитацй. 12. Студенти були б краще шдготовлеш до профегайюм робота, якби вони користувалися сучасним обладнанням при виконанш лабораторних po6iT пщ час навчання. 13. Якщо студента» Bcix спещальностей будуть знайомити з законами розвитку ринко-Boi економ1ки, то багато з них захочуть почати свш власний б1знес у майбутньому. 14. Якби до учасп у студентських наукових конференщях залучалося бшыне сту­дента, то Bci вони мали б крашд навики подготовки презентащи та сшлкування з аудитор1ею. 15. У вас були б крашд можливосп одержати щкаву роботу, якби ви брали активну участь у позааудиторнш науково-дослщнш робоп. 16. Якби в nporpaMi не було так багато логдчних помилок, то и можна було б використати для виршення niei" проблеми. 17. Якби ви добре сформатували текст, то eiH мав би набагато кращий вигляд. 18. Якби ви взяли участь у вчорашньому треншгу для користувач1в, то у вас не виникало б питань щодо використання niei програми. 19. Якщо у nporpaMi не буде системних помилок, то вам не доведеться знов запускати комп’ютер. 20. Якби не юнувало мов програмування, то було б немож-ливо спшкуватись з комп’ютером. 21. Якщо ви знатимете лише частину поля, яке ви шукаете, то вам слщ буде скористатися джокером (a wildcard). 22. Якщо вам norpi6HO буде виконувати велику юльюсть обчислень, то доведеться скористатись електронними таблицями. 23. Якби я не забув пароль вчора, то не витратив би стшьки зайвого часу. 24. Якщо в мене буде вшьний час влтсу, то я використаю його на вивчення ще одше'1 мови програмування. 25. Якби при навчанш в шкош майбутш студенти придшяли бшьше уваги вивченню шформатики, то не мали б проблем з цим предметом в yHiBepcHTeri. 26. Якщо студенти знатимуть досконало хоча б одну шоземну мову, то матимуть набагато крашд можливосп професганого розвитку у майбутньому. 27. Якби не використовувались мультимедшш програми, то комп’ютерн1 irpn не були б такими захоплюючими. 28. Якби меж вдалося добре вщлагодити програму вчора, то я б ще вчора мав можливкть скористатися нею.

Task 4. 29. Use the appropriate forms of the verbs given in brackets:

839. I would make a report at a scientific seminar, if I (to be) you.

840. If these students (to be involved) in research, it will perfect their qualification.

841. If your graduation paper (to contain) valuable results, it would have been recommended for publication.

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842. If you were an active member of scientific societies, it (to help) you in your research work.

843. If he (to know) English better, he could have defended his graduation paper in this foreign language.

844. If they had been more careful, they (not to have) any trouble with this device.

845. Had I more free time, I (to investigate) this problem more deeply.

846. If I were you, I (to study) two foreign languages.

847. You would carry, out these experiments more quickly if you (to be) more experienced.

848. He could have published his paper in professional journals, if he (to do) some interesting research.

Task 4. 30. Open the brackets using the appropriate verb forms:

849. I (to finish) this work next week, if I (to get) reasonable results.

850. It (to be) much better to work in the lab, if it (to be equipped better).

851. They (to test) their hypothesis if they (to carry out) this experiment yesterday.

852. You (to finish) your work in time, if you (to find) the right approach to solving this problem.

853. Unless he (to take part) in this experiment tomorrow, we (not to get) reliable results.

854. If he (not to come) in time yesterday, they (to finish) their research without his help.

855. Provided they (to prepare) for their exams better, they (to get) only excellent marks now.

856. If we (to know) the exact time of carrying out the experiment, we (to call) him immediately.

857. If I (to be) you, I (to investigate) these properties myself.

858. If he (to be) a student of the advanced group, he (to defend) his diloma project in English.

;, SECTION IV. DEVELOPING SPEAKING SKILLS

Task 4.31. Have a talk with someone. Make up dialogues using modifications:

This is how you may work:

859. Read the dialogue several times until you are quite fluent.

860. Leam the dialogues in pairs.

861. Ask and answer the questions given below some dialogues.

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4. Give your own variations, substituting the words in bold with the words fromVariations column.

5. Make up your own dialogues.

Variations

1

A. I’d like to do research.

B. What sort of research would you liketo do?

A. I’d like to do research in materials science.

A. to carry on, to carry out; to conduct

B. type, kind

A. telecommunications; financial management; computer technology; ecology

2

A. What problem are you studying now?

B. I am studying semiconductor andmetal films for a variety of practicalapplications.

A. engaged in; interested in; investigating

B. electrical properties of semiconduc­tors, the structure and physics of crystals;thermal design of ICs, decision supportsystems, information technologies, datacompression

What problems deserve theoretical and experimental investigation in your field?

3

A. What is the aim of your research? A. objective; purpose

B. To investigate optical properties of B. to research; to study; to clarify;solids. I do it alone and in collaboration

with professor Semkiv. in co-operation; working together

What, do you think, are the advantages of team work?

4

A. What can you say about the experi­ment you are going to start in January?

B. It is a very specific experiment. We B. It’s a highly technical experiment,are going to investigate various aspects of It’s a reliable experiment.electron behavior in matter and hope to It’s a carefully designed experiment.get important results.

What can you say about the experiment you took part in (for example, while doing your lab work)?

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5

A. We’ll have to overcome a few obstac­les before we start the experiment.

B. Yes. I’m afraid we are going to have B. to lack adequate equipment .(reliablesome trouble with our apparatus. machines, suitable techniques, high-pre­cision instruments)

Have you ever had any difficulties with experiments in the physics laboratory?

6

A. We must learn the technique for our A. look for a suitable technique; find theexperiment. right approach; work out a new method;

use a suitable procedure; try a new approach

B. The method we are planning to use isquite new.

Do you use conventional or new methods in your experiments?

7

A. What are research interests of Pro- A. scientific, professionalfessor Hnatiuk?

B. His current research interests include B. presen,, lates;; focus on, concern;microprocessors, he is very receptive to responsive, quick to take;

new ideas. Besides he supervises stu- guides; helps

dents in their research.

Are you receptive to new ideas?

8

A, In what field is Dr. Ivaniv most A. area, sphere, branchactive?

B, Training of young scientists and B. science students, undergraduates,popular science writing for the young. postgraduates

What science books do you like to read? What is your attitude to science fiction?

9

A. Are you through with your research A. Have you finished; completed; doneon the effects of air pollution on health?

B. Not yet. B. Not quite; No, I’m afraid not; No, I

don’t think so.

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“There are three stages in any research: the first is to begin it, the second is to finish it and the third is to publish it.” (M. Faraday).

Which stage in your opinion is more difficult and why?

Task 4. 32. Work in pairs. Read the following dialogues several times until you are quite fluent. Learn the dialogues in parts, practice them. Ask and answer the questions given below each dialogue.

A. Do you know I’ve already passed my exams and I’ll start working on my course paper next term? A. I think I have. But I’ll have to see my supervisor about it.

B. Oh, will you? I didn’t know that! Have you chosen the subject?

B. Take your time! There’s no hurry. Think over your choice.

Have you chosen the subject for your course paper? Who helped you make your choice? What is the role of the supervisor in developing a person’s talents?

A. How are

research?

you getting on with your

A. But you may have a tremendous job, classifying and organizing the data, which may result in several false starts.

B. Fine! Now I have the problem straight! I am just waiting until I have all the data in. B. But can it be helped?

How are you getting on with your lab work (your research) ? What methods do you use to make your research more efficient? What has your recent research shown? Do you take an active part in the work done by your department?

A. Hello! Haven’t seen you for ages! B. Yes, I’ve just come back from the

Have you been away from Lviv?

A. Got a diploma?

A. Congratulations! What a clever lad I have for a friend!

A. Hello! I think you’re badly neglecting your friends these days!

All-Ukrainian Students’ Competition

sponsored by the Students’ Scientific

Societies of Ukraine.

В. I got a medal and a prize for my

research in the field of magnetism.

В. I was more successful than I had

expected.

B. I've been terribly busy lately. I'm the Chairman of the Students’ Scientific Society, you know.

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A. I’m afraid you look busier than you B. We are getting ready for a students’really are. But all work and no play makes conference. There is a long agenda toJack a dull boy. think over.

Do you take part in the work of a Students’ Scientific Society? If there is no such a society at your institute (university, in general), what are your ideas as to the necessity and advisability of having such an organization?

Task 4. 33. Speak on the topic Students9 Research Work, using the following outline and word combinations: