fix1
.pdfk NELINEJNYM OPERACIQM OTNOSQTSQ:
1.pROIZWEDENIE MATRIC.
2.wOZWEDENIE MATRICY W CELU@ POLOVITELXNU@ STEPENX.
zAME^ANIE. oTMETIM, ^TO W REZULXTATE WSEH PERE^ISLENNYH DEJ- STWIJ NAD MATRICAMI WSEGDA POLU^AETSQ MATRICA.
nEOPREDELENY TAKIE DEJSTWIQ NAD MATRICAMI, KAK DELENIE MAT- RIC I WOZWEDENIE W DROBNU@ ILI OTRICATELXNU@ STEPENX.
1.2.2. dEJSTWIQ NAD MATRICAMI.
1) sLOVENIE (WY^ITANIE) MATRIC.
p R A W I L O: DLQ TOGO, ^TOBY SLOVITX (WY^ESTX) DWE MATRICY, NUVNO SLOVITX (WY^ESTX) IH SOOTWETSTWU@]IE \LEMENTY (T.E. \LEMENTY, STOQ]IE NA ODINAKOWYH MESTAH W OBEIH MATRICAH).
o^EWIDNO, ^TO SKLADYWATX I WY^ITATX MOVNO TOLXKO MATRICY ODNOGO RAZMERA.
1: A + B = 0 |
24 |
;70 |
; |
35 1 |
+ 0 |
121 |
;54 |
08 1 = |
|
@ |
|
|
A |
@ |
|
; |
|
A |
|
B ; A = 0 |
121 |
;54 |
08 1 |
; 0 |
24 |
;70 |
; |
35 1 = |
|
@ |
|
; |
|
A |
@ |
|
|
A |
|
2) uMNOVENIE MATRICY NA ^ISLO. |
|
|
0 |
5 |
;11 |
13 |
1 : |
|
@ 14 |
;5 |
;3 |
A |
||
0 |
;3 |
3 |
3 |
1 : |
|
@ |
10 |
;5 |
3 |
A |
|
p R A W I L O: dLQ TOGO, ^TOBY UMNOVITX (RAZDELITX) MATRICU NA OTLI^NOE OT NULQ ^ISLO, NUVNO UMNOVITX (RAZDELITX) NA \TO ^ISLO WSE \LEMENTY \TOJ MATRICY.
aNALOGI^NO MOVNO OPREDELITX OBRATNOE DEJSTWIE - WYNESENIE OB- ]EGO MNOVITELQ IZ WSEH \LEMENTOW MATRICY ZA ZNAK MATRICY.
|
2: |
|
5 |
0 |
4 |
;1 |
1 |
= |
0 |
;20 |
5 |
1 |
: |
|
|
; |
B |
5 |
|
2 |
C |
B |
25 |
10 |
C |
||||
|
|
3 |
; |
7 |
|
;15 |
;35 |
|
||||||
|
|
|
|
@ |
|
|
A |
|
@ |
; |
|
A |
|
12
3) lINEJNAQ KOMBINACIQ MATRIC.
mATRICA |
C NAZYWAETSQ LINEJNOJ KOMBINACIEJ MATRIC A I |
B ESLI WYPOLNQETSQ RAWENSTWO: C = A + B |
|
GDE I |
-KO\FFICIENTY LINEJNOJ KOMBINACII. |
|TA OPERACIQ, O^EWIDNO, QWLQETSQ OBOB]ENIEM PREDYDU]IH. mOV- NO SOSTAWLQTX LINEJNU@ KOMBINACI@ L@BOGO ^ISLA MATRIC ODNOGO RAZMERA.
|
0 |
1 |
|
0 |
1 |
|
0 |
;4 |
|
5 |
1 |
|
0 |
21 |
;20 |
1 |
|
3: C = 5 |
|
2 |
|
5 |
|
; 4 |
|
8 |
|
3 |
|
|
|
42 |
13 |
|
|
B |
;6 |
;7 |
C |
B |
;1 |
;6 |
C |
= |
B |
;34 |
;11 |
C |
: |
||||
|
1 |
; |
2 |
|
0 |
; |
11 |
|
5 |
34 |
|
||||||
|
@ |
|
|
A |
|
@ |
|
|
A |
|
@ |
|
|
A |
|
||
4) pROIZWEDENIE MATRIC. |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|||||
pUSTX DANY MATRICY |
A RAZMERA (m n) I B RAZMERA |
(n p) I |
|||||||||||||||
TREBUETSQ NAJTI IH PROIZWEDENIE MATRICU |
C = A B. |
|
|
|
|||||||||||||
uMNOVENIE MATRIC WOZMOVNO, ESLI ^ISLO STOLBCOW n MATRICY A |
RAWNO ^ISLU STROK n MATRICY B. iLI: ^ISLO \LEMENTOW W STROKE MATRICY A DOLVNO RAWNQTXSQ ^ISLU \LEMENTOW W STOLBCE MATRICY B. pOLU^ENNAQ W REZULXTATE UMNOVENIQ MATRICA C BUDET IMETX RAZ- MER (m p), T.E. W MATRICE C STOLXKO STROK, SKOLXKO IH W PERWOJ MATRICE A I STOLXKO STOLBCOW, SKOLXKO IH WO WTOROJ MATRICE B.
fORMALXNO \TO MOVNO ZAPISATX TAK:
(m n) (n p) = (m p):
wNUTRENNIE ^ISLA DOLVNY BYTX ODINAKOWYMI , \TO UKAZYWAET NA WOZMOVNOSTX UMNOVENIQ, A WNE[NIE ^ISLA DA@T RAZMER MATRICY C. nE SLEDUET ZABYWATX, ^TO W OB]EM SLU^AE AB 6=BA , T.E. NELXZQ PERESTAWLQTX SOMNOVITELI W PROIZWEDENII.
p R A W I L O U M N O V E N I Q: |LEMENT cij , STOQ]IJ W STRO- KE S NOMEROM i I STOLBCE S NOMEROM j W MATRICE C RAWEN SUMME PROIZWEDENIJ \LEMENTOW STROKI S NOMEROM i PERWOJ MATRICY A NA SOOTWETSTWU@]IE \LEMENTY STOLBCA S NOMEROM j WTOROJ MATRI- CY B.
13
|
|
0 |
1 |
1 |
2 |
1 |
0 |
5 |
|
9 |
1 |
|
|
(3 |
3)(3 |
2) = (3 2) |
|
|
|
|
||||||||
|
|
|
|
|
wYPOLNQTX UMNOVENIE |
|
|
|
|
|||||||||||||||||||
|
4: |
B |
2 |
1 |
1 |
C |
B |
0 |
|
3 |
C |
= |
MOVNO: w REZULXTATE |
|
= |
|
|
|||||||||||
|
3 |
2 |
;4 |
1 |
; |
1 |
|
|
POLU^IM MATRICU |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|||||||||||||
|
|
@ |
|
|
; |
|
A |
@ |
|
|
A |
|
|
RAZMERA |
(3 2) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
||||||||
|
0 |
|
|
1 5 + 1 |
0 + 2 |
1 |
|
|
|
9 + 1 3 + 2 |
|
(;1) |
1 |
|
7 10 |
1 |
|
|||||||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
1 |
|
|
0 |
|
||||||||||||||||||
= |
B |
2 5 + 1 0 + ( 1) 1 2 9 + 1 3 + ( 1) |
( 1) |
C |
= |
B |
9 22 |
C |
: |
|||||||||||||||||||
|
3 |
5 + 2 |
0 + (;4) |
1 3 |
|
9 + 2 |
3 + (;4) |
|
(;1) |
|
11 37 |
|
||||||||||||||||
|
@ |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
; |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
; ; |
|
A @ |
|
A |
|
|||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
0 |
2 |
1 = |
(1 |
3)(3 |
|
1) = (1 |
1) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
||||||
|
5: |
1 |
2 |
3 |
|
1 |
POLU^IM MATRICU SOSTOQ]U@ |
= |
|
|
||||||||||||||||||
|
|
|
|
B |
3 |
C |
|
IZ ODNOGO \LEMENTA |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|||||||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
@ |
|
A |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
= (1 2 + 2 1 + 3 3) = (13): |
|
|||||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|||||||||||
6: |
0 2 |
1 |
1 |
2 |
3 = |
|
j (3 1)(1 3) = (3 3) j = |
|
|
|
|
|||||||||||||||||
B 31 |
C |
|
|
|
|
|
||||||||||||||||||||||
|
|
@ |
|
A |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
0 |
2 1 2 |
2 2 |
3 |
1 |
|
|
0 |
2 4 6 |
1 |
|
||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
= |
= |
|
: |
||||||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
B |
3 1 3 |
2 3 |
3 |
C |
|
|
B |
3 6 9 |
C |
|
||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
@ |
|
|
|
|
A |
|
|
@ |
|
A |
|
|
5) wOZWEDENIE MATRICY W CELU@ POLOVITELXNU@ STEPENX. |
|
wOZWEDENIE W STEPENX ESTX MNOGOKRATNOE UMNOVENIE, PO\TOMU PRI WOZWEDENII MATRICY W STEPENX MY UMNOVAEM EE SAMU NA SEBQ NUVNOE ^ISLO RAZ. nAPRIMER:
|
|
A2 = A |
A: |
|
|
A3 = A |
|
A |
|
A |
= A2 |
|
A |
= A |
|
A2: |
|
|
|||||
|
|
|
|
3 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
||||
7: 0 |
; |
31 |
;26 1 |
|
= 0 |
; |
31 |
;62 1 0 |
; |
31 ;62 |
1 0 |
; |
31 |
;26 1 = |
|
|
|||||||
@ |
|
A @ |
0 |
A @ |
1 0 |
A @ |
1 |
A |
|
;98 |
1 : |
||||||||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
= |
7 ;14 |
1 ;2 |
= 0 |
|
49 |
|||||||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
@ |
;21 |
42 |
A @ ;3 |
|
6 |
A |
@ ;147 |
294 |
A |
||||||
1.2.3. |
oBRATNAQ MATRICA |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
o P R E D E L E N I E. kWADRATNAQ MATRICA A NAZYWAETSQ NEWY- ROVDENNOJ, ESLI EE OPREDELITELX OTLI^EN OT NULQ.
14
o P R E D E L E N I E. mATRICA A;1 NAZYWAETSQ OBRATNOJ DLQ NE- WYROVDENNOJ MATRICY A, ESLI PROIZWEDENIE MATRIC A I A;1 RAWNO EDINI^NOJ MATRICE
A A;1 = A;1 A = E:
iTAK, OBRATNAQ MATRICA SU]ESTWUET, ESLI ISHODNAQ MATRICA KWAD- RATNAQ I IMEET OTLI^NYJ OT NULQ OPREDELITELX.
sHEMA NAHOVDENIQ OBRATNOJ MATRICY.
1.wY^ISLQEM OPREDELITELX MATRICY A. eSLI det A 6= 0,DELAEM WYWOD, ^TO OBRATNAQ MATRICA SU]ESTWUET.
2.sOSTAWLQEM SO@ZNU@ MATRICU A , \LEMENTAMI KOTOROJ QWLQ@T- SQ ALGEBRAI^ESKIE DOPOLNENIQ \LEMENTOW ISHODNOJ MATRICY.
3.pOLU^ENNU@ MATRICU TRANSPONIRUEM, POLU^AEM MATRICU A T :
4.wSE \LEMENTY MATRICY A T DELIM NA WELI^INU OPREDELITELQ
MATRICY A A |
;1 |
= |
A T |
: |
|
det A |
|||
|
|
|
|
nAHOVDENIE MATRICY, OBRATNOJ DANNOJ, NAZYWAETSQ OBRA]ENIEM MATRICY.
z A M E ^ A N I E. oTMETIM RQD INTERESNYH SWOJSTW.
1. oPREDELITELX PROIZWEDENIQ DWUH WZAIMNO OBRATNYH MATRIC RAWEN EDINICE@ OPREDELITELX OBRATNOJ MATRICY ESTX WELI^INA OB- RATNAQ OPREDELITEL@ ISHODNOJ MATRICY.
|
;1 |
|
;1 |
|
|
;1 |
1 |
|
|
det (A A |
|
) = det A det A |
|
= det E = 1 |
=) det A |
|
= |
|
: |
|
|
|
det A |
2. oBRA]ENIE TRANSPONIROWANNOJ MATRICY RAWNOSILXNO TRANS- PONIROWANI@ OBRATNOJ MATRICY, T.E.
(AT );1 = (A;1)T :
3. mATRICA, OBRATNAQ PROIZWEDENI@ MATRIC, RAWNA PROIZWEDENI@ OBRATNYH MATRIC, WZQTYH W PROTIWOPOLOVNOM PORQDKE
(A B);1 = B;1 A;1:
15
1. |
|
nAJTI MATRICU, OBRATNU@ DANNOJ |
|
A = 0 41 |
|
32 1 : |
|
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
rE[ENIE. dEJSTWUEM PO SHEME: |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
@ |
|
; |
A |
|
|
|||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
||||||||||||||||||||||||
1) |
det A = |
|
1 |
|
|
2 |
|
= |
; |
3 |
; |
8 = |
; |
11 |
6 |
= 0 |
|
|
A;1 |
; |
SU]ESTWUET: |
||||||||||||||||||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
4 |
;3 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|||||||||||
2) |
sOSTAWLQEM SO@ZNU@ MATRICU: NA MESTO KAVDOGO \LEMENTA MAT- |
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
RICY A STAWITSQ EGO ALGEBRAI^ESKOE DOPOLNENIE: |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
|
|
|
|
A11 = (;1)2 |
3j ; 3j = ;3 |
|
|
|
|
A12 = (;1)43 |
j4j = ;4 |
|||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
A21 = (;1) j2j = |
;2 |
|
|
|
|
A22 = (;1) j1j = 1: |
|
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
sO@ZNAQ MATRICA |
|
A = 0 |
;3 |
;4 |
1 : |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
@ |
;2 |
|
|
1 A |
|
|
|
|
|
A T = |
0 |
;3 |
;2 1 : |
|||||||||||
3) |
pOLU^ENNU@ MATRICU TRANSPONIRUEM |
|
|
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
4) |
nAHODIM OBRATNU@ MATRICU |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
@ |
;4 |
|
1 A |
|||||||||||||||||||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
0 |
;3 |
|
;2 |
|
1 |
|
|
|
3=11 |
|
|
2=11 |
|
|
|
|
|
1 |
|
|
3 |
|
2 |
|
|||||||||||
|
|
|
|
; |
|
|
|
|
|
4 |
|
1 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
||||||||||||||
|
|
|
|
A 1 = @ |
; |
|
|
|
|
A = 0 |
4=11 |
; |
1=11 |
1 = |
|
0 4 |
; |
1 |
1 : |
||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
|
|
|
|
11 |
|
|
11 |
|||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
; |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
@ |
|
|
; |
|
|
|
|
|
A |
|
|
|
|
@ |
|
|
A |
||||||||
pROWERKA: |
|
|
pROIZWEDENIE A |
A 1 |
|
= E: |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|||||||||||||||||||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
1 2 |
|
|
|
1 |
|
|
|
|
|
3 2 |
|
|
|
1 |
|
|
|
3 + 8 2 2 |
|
|
|
||||||||||||||||
|
|
|
|
0 |
4 |
; |
3 |
1 |
|
|
0 |
4 |
; |
1 |
1 = |
|
0 12 |
; |
12 8 |
;+ 3 |
1 = |
||||||||||||||||||||||
|
|
|
|
11 |
|
11 |
|||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
|
|
|
@ |
|
|
|
A |
|
|
|
|
@ |
|
|
A |
|
|
|
|
@ |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
A |
|
|||||||||||
|
= |
|
|
1 |
0 |
11 0 |
1 = 0 |
|
1 0 1 |
= E: |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
||||||||||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
||||||||||||||||
|
|
11 @ |
|
0 |
11 A |
|
@ 0 |
|
|
1 A |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
|
5 |
|
|
3 |
|
1 |
1 |
|
||||||||||
2. |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
: |
||||||
|
nAJTI MATRICU, OBRATNU@ DANNOJ A= B |
|
|
51 |
|
;23 ;12 C |
|||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
rE[ENIE. |
1) |
|
det A = |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
@ |
; |
|
|
|
|
|
|
A |
|
|||||||||||||||
|
|
|
|
5 |
|
|
3 |
|
1 |
|
|
|
|
2 |
S1 + S2 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
5 |
|
|
3 |
|
1 |
|
|
|
|
|
|||||||||
|
= 1 3 2 = |
|
|
|
= 11 3 0 = |
|
|
|
|||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
|
|
;5 |
;2 |
;1 |
|
|
;1 S1 + S3 |
|
|
|
;10 ;1 0 |
|
|
|
|
|
||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
4 |
|
11 |
|
3 |
|
|
= 19 6=:0 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|||||||||||||||
|
= 1 (;1) |
|
;10 |
|
;1 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
||||||||||||||||||
2) |
sOSTAWLQEM SO@ZNU@ MATRICU. nAHODIM ALGEBRAI^ESKIE DOPOL- |
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
NENIQ \LEMENTOW MATRICY A. aLGEBRAI^ESKIMI DOPOLNENIQMI BUDUT
16
QWLQTXSQ MINORY \LEMENTOW, WZQTYE SO SWOIM ZNAKOM, ESLI SUMMA NO- MEROW STROKI I STOLBCA, W KOTORYH STOIT DANNYJ \LEMENT, ^ETNAQ, I S PROTIWOPOLOVNYM ZNAKOM, ESLI \TA SUMMA NE^ETNAQ.
|
A11 |
= |
|
;32 ;21 |
|
= 1 A12 |
= ; |
|
;51 ;12 |
|
|
= 9 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|||||||||||||||||
|
|
|
|
1 |
|
3 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
3 |
1 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
= ;13 A21 = ; |
|
|
|
= ;1 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|||||||||||||||||
|
A13 = |
|
; |
5 |
;2 |
|
|
5 |
2 1 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|||||||||||||||||||
|
|
|
|
5 |
1 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
3 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
||||||
|
A22 |
= |
|
;5 1 |
|
= 10 A23 = ; |
|
|
;5 2 |
|
= ;25 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
||||||||||||||||||
|
|
|
|
|
3 |
|
1 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
5 |
|
|
1 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
||
|
A31 |
= |
|
;3 ;2 |
|
|
= ;3 A32 = ; |
|
1 |
;2 |
|
|
= 11 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
||||||||||||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
5 |
|
3 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
A33 |
= |
|
1 |
|
;3 |
= ;18: |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
||||||||
iTAK, SO@ZNAQ MATRICA |
|
|
|
|
|
|
0 |
1 |
9 |
|
;13 |
1 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
||||||||||
|
A |
= |
B |
;31 |
1110 ;1825 |
C : |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|||||||||||||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
@ |
; |
|
|
; |
|
|
A |
|
|
|
|
|
;1 |
;3 |
|
|
|
|||||
3) |
tRANSPONIRUEM SO@ZNU@ MATRICU |
|
T = |
0 |
|
|
1 |
|
1 : |
|
|||||||||||||||||||||||||
A |
|
|
|
9 |
|
; |
10 |
; |
11 |
|
|||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
@ ; |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
A |
|
|||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
B |
|
13 |
|
|
25 |
|
18 |
C |
|
|||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
;1 |
|
|
|
|
1 0 |
|
|
|
|
1 |
|
;1 |
|
;3 |
1 |
|
||||
4) |
zAPISYWAEM OBRATNU@ MATRICU |
A |
|
= |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
9 |
|
10 |
|
|
11 |
|
: |
||||||||||||||||
|
19 B |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
C |
||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
; |
13 |
|
25 |
|
|
18 |
|
||||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
@ |
|
|
; ;1; |
|
|
A |
|
|||||||
nETRUDNO PROWERITX, ^TO DLQ MATRIC SPRAWEDLIWO |
|
: |
|
A A |
|
= E: |
|
1.2.4. rANG MATRICY
pRI RASSMOTRENII SWOJSTW OPREDELITELQ MY OTME^ALI, ^TO W RQ- DE SLU^AEW MOVNO, NE WY^ISLQQ OPREDELITELX, SKAZATX, ^TO ON RAWEN NUL@. w \TIH SLU^AQH UTWERVDAETSQ, ^TO STROKI (STOLBCY) MATRICY OPREDELITELQ LINEJNO ZAWISIMY. ~ASTO LINEJNU@ ZAWISIMOSTX RQDOW MATRICY OPREDELITELQ WIDNO SRAZU: NALI^IE DWUH ODINAKOWYH PA- RALLELXNYH RQDOW DWUH PROPORCIONALXNYH RQDOW RQDOW, \LEMENTY KOTORYH QWLQ@TSQ SUMMOJ ILI RAZNOSTX@ SOOTWETSTWU@]IH \LEMEN- TOW DRUGIH RQDOW. |TO PROSTEJ[IE PRIMERY LINEJNOJ ZAWISIMOSTI.
17
w OB]EM SLU^AE LINEJNO ZAWISIMYMI NAZYWA@TSQ TAKIE RQDY, IZ KOTORYH ODIN MOVET BYTX PREDSTAWLEN W WIDE LINEJNOJ KOMBINACII OSTALXNYH.
eSLI NI ODIN IZ RQDOW MATRICY NELXZQ PREDSTAWITX KAK LINEJNU@ KOMBINACI@ OSTALXNYH, RQDY MATRICY QWLQ@TSQ LINEJNO NEZAWISI- MYMI.
w DALXNEJ[EM PRI RE[ENII SISTEM LINEJNYH URAWNENIJ NAM PO- TREBUETSQ RE[ATX WOPROS O NALI^II LINEJNO ZAWISIMYH STROK W MAT- RICE I O KOLI^ESTWE LINEJNO NEZAWISIMYH STROK. tAKIM OBRAZOM MY PODHODIM K PONQTI@ RANGA MATRICY.
o P R E D E L E N I E 1. mAKSIMALXNOE ^ISLO LINEJNO NEZAWISIMYH STROK MATRICY NAZYWAETSQ RANGOM MATRICY I OBOZNA^AETSQ
Rang A = R:
eSLI RANG MATRICY RAWEN ^ISLU R, \TO ZNA^IT, ^TO W MATRICE NAJDETSQ HOTQ BY ODIN MINOR PORQDKA R, NE RAWNYJ NUL@, A WSE MI- NORY BOLEE WYSOKOGO PORQDKA RAWNY NUL@. l@BOJ, NE RAWNYJ NUL@ MINOR PORQDKA, RAWNOGO RANGU, NAZYWAETSQ BAZISNYM.
2. rANGOM MATRICY NAZYWAETSQ NAIWYS[IJ PORQDOK OTLI^NOGO OT NULQ MINORA MATRICY.
dLQ NAHOVDENIQ RANGA MATRICU PRIWODQT K TREUGOLXNOMU WIDU, PRI \TOM ISPOLXZU@TSQ TE VE PRIEMY, ^TO I PRI WY^ISLENII OPREDE- LITELEJ WYSOKOGO PORQDKA. wYQWLQEMYE PRI \TOM LINEJNO ZAWISIMYE STROKI WY^ERKIWA@TSQ, A PO KOLI^ESTWU OSTAW[IHSQ LINEJNO NEZA- WISIMYH SUDQT O RANGE.
nAJTI RANG MATRICY |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|||||||||
0 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
|
|
S2 ; 3S1 |
|
|
|
0 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
|
||||||||||
3 |
2 |
1 |
; |
1 |
; |
3 |
|
|
|
|
0 |
; |
1 |
; |
2 |
; |
2 |
; |
6 |
|
||||||||||
|
0 |
1 |
2 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
|
|
|
|
|||||||||||
B |
2 |
6 |
C |
|
S4 ; 5S1 |
|
B |
1 |
2 |
2 |
6 |
C |
||||||||||||||||||
5 4 |
3 3 |
|
1 |
|
1 |
|
|
|
0 |
|
1 |
|
2 |
|
2 |
|
6 |
|
||||||||||||
@ |
|
|
|
|
|
; |
|
A |
|
1 |
1 |
|
1 |
@ |
1 |
; |
|
; |
|
; |
|
; |
|
A |
|
|||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
0 |
0 |
; |
1 |
; |
2 |
|
; |
2 |
|
; |
6 |
1 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
18 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
@ |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
A |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
2-AQ, 3-Q I 4-Q STROKI QWLQ@TSQ LINEJNO ZAWISIMYMI I L@BYE DWE IZ NIH MOVNO WY^ERKNUTX. oSTANUTSQ DWE LINEJNO NEZAWISIMYH STROKI, ^TO PODTWERVDAETSQ NALI^IEM MINORA 2-GO PORQDKA, NE RAWNOGO NUL@:
M2 = |
|
1 |
1 |
|
6=:0 |
|
0 |
;1 |
|
wSE MINORY 3-GO I 4-GO PORQDKA RAWNY NUL@. wYWOD: Rang A = 2.
1.3. sISTEMY LINEJNYH URAWNENIJ
sISTEMOJ m LINEJNYH URAWNENIJ S n NEIZWESTNYMI NAZYWAETSQ SISTEMA WIDA
|
|
8 |
a11x1 +a12x2 + |
+a1nxn = b1 |
|
|
|||||||
|
|
> |
a21x1 +a22x2 + |
+a2nxn = b2 |
: |
|
|||||||
|
|
< |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|||
|
|
> am1x1 |
am2x2 |
+ +amnxn |
= bm |
|
|
||||||
|
|
: |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
AX = B, GDE mATRICA |
||
w MATRI^NOJ FORME SISTEMU MOVNO ZAPISATX |
|||||||||||||
KO\FFICIENTOW PRI NEIZWESTNYH (OSNOWNAQ MATRICA SISTEMY) A, MATRICA{ |
|||||||||||||
STOLBEC NEIZWESTNYH X I MATRICA{STOLBEC SWOBODNYH ^LENOW B |
|||||||||||||
A = 0 |
a11 |
a12 |
|
|
a1n |
|
|
x1 |
1 : |
|
b1 |
1 : |
|
a21 |
a22 |
|
|
a2n |
1 |
: X = |
0 x2 |
B = |
0 b2 |
||||
@ |
|
|
|
|
|
A |
|
::: |
A |
|
::: |
A |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
@ |
|
@ |
||||
B am1 am2 |
|
amn C |
|
B xn C |
|
B bm C |
|
0 |
a11 |
a12 |
|
a1n b1 |
1 |
|
||
A= |
|
a21 |
a22 |
|
a2n |
b2 |
|
: NAZYWAETSQ RAS[IRENNOJ MATRICEJ |
|
|
@ |
|
|
|
|
A |
|
||
|
|
. |
am2 |
amn bm |
|
||||
|
B am1 |
C |
|
||||||
SISTEMY |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
rE[ENIEM SISTEMY LINEJNYH URAWNENIJ NAZYWAETSQ SOWOKUP- NOSTX ^ISEL c1 c2 : : : cn, KOTORAQ PRI PODSTANOWKE W KAVDOE URAW- NENIE SISTEMY WMESTO NEIZWESTNYH x1 x2 : : : xn OBRA]AET \TI URAWNENIQ W WERNYE ^ISLOWYE RAWENSTWA.
19
sOWMESTNOJ NAZYWAETSQ SISTEMA, IME@]AQ HOTQ BY ODNO RE[E- NIE.
nESOWMESTNOJ NAZYWAETSQ SISTEMA, NE IME@]AQ RE[ENIJ. oPREDELENNOJ NAZYWAETSQ SOWMESTNAQ SISTEMA, IME@]AQ EDINST-
WENNOE RE[ENIE.
nEOPREDELENNOJ NAZYWAKTSQ SOWMESTNAQ SISTEMA, IME@]AQ BESKO- NE^NOE MNOVESTWO RE[ENIE.
tAKIM OBRAZOM, PRI ANALIZE I RE[ENII SISTEM LINEJNYH URAWNE- NIJ STAWQTSQ I RE[A@TSQ SLEDU@]IE WOPROSY:
1.qWLQETSQ LI SISTEMA SOWMESTNOJ ?
2.eSLI SISTEMA SOWMESTNA, QWLQETSQ LI ONA OPREDELENNOJ ILI NEOPREDELENNOJ ?
3.w SLU^AE OPREDELENNOJ SISTEMY NEOBHODIMO NAJTI EDINSTWEN- NOE RE[ENIE.
4.w SLU^AE NEOPREDELENNOJ SISTEMY SLEDUET ZAPISATX WSE MNO- VESTWO RE[ENIJ SISTEMY.
nA WOPROS O SOWMESTNOSTI SISTEMY OTWE^AET SLEDU@]AQ TEOREMA.
t E O R E M A kRONEKERA - kAPELLI. sISTEMA LINEJNYH URAWNENIJ SOWMESTNA TOGDA I TOLXKO TOGDA, KOGDA RANG OSNOWNOJ MATRICY SISTEMY RAWEN RANGU RAS[IRENNOJ MATRICY
Rang A = Rang A= R:
dLQ TOGO, ^TOBY OTWETITX NA WTOROJ WOPROS, NUVNO SRAWNITX RANG R MAT- RICY A S ^ISLOM NEIZWESTNYH SISTEMY n.
eSLI RANG MATRICY A RAWEN ^ISLU NEIZWESTNYH (R = n), TO SIS- TEMA IMEET EDINSTWENNOE RE[ENIE.
eSLI RANG MATRICY A MENX[E ^ISLA NEIZWESTNYH (R < n), TO SIS-
TEMA IMEET BESKONE^NOE MNOVESTWO RE[ENIJ.
oTMETIM, ^TO OBY^NO PRI RE[ENII KONKRETNYH SISTEM LINEJNYH URAWNENIJ OTDELXNO WOPROS O SOWMESTNOSTI SISTEMY NE RASSMATRIWA- ETSQ, TAK KAK OTWET NA NEGO POLU^AETSQ W PROCESSE RE[ENIQ SISTEMY.
20
rASSMOTRIM METODY RE[ENIQ SISTEM LINEJNYH URAWNENIJ.
1.3.1. mETOD kRAMERA
sISTEMA n LINEJNYH URAWNENIJ S n NEIZWESTNYMI IMEET EDINST- WENNOE RE[ENIE TOGDA I TOLXKO TOGDA, KOGDA OPREDELITELX OSNOWNOJ
MATRICY OTLI^EN OT NULQ. nEIZWESTNYE SISTEMY NAHODQTSQ PO FOR- MULAM kRAMERA xk = k GDE ; GLAWNYJ OPREDELITELX SISTEMY,
T.E. OPREDELITELX OSNOWNOJ MATRICY A, k ; OPREDELITELX NEIZ- WESTNOGO xk, KOTORYJ POLU^AETSQ PRI ZAMENE STOLBCA S NOMEROM k W GLAWNOM OPREDELITELE NA STOLBEC SWOBODNYH ^LENOW (k = 1 2 : : : n): iTAK, METODOM kRAMERA MOVNO RE[ATX KWADRATNYE SISTEMY S OT-
LI^NYM OT NULQ OPREDELITELEM. |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
||
rE[ITX METODOM kRAMERA SISTEMU |
8 |
2x1 |
;x2 |
+x3 = 4 |
|
||||
> |
x1 |
+x2 |
;x3 = 2 |
: |
|||||
|
|
|
|
|
< |
2x1 |
;x2 |
+3x3 = 6 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
> |
|
|||
|
|
|
|
|
: |
|
|
|
|
rE[ENIE. sISTEMA IMEET ODINAKOWOE ^ISLO URAWNENIJ I NEIZ- |
|||||||||
WESTNYH. nAJDEM GLAWNYJ OPREDELITELX. |
|
|
|
|
|
||||
|
2 |
;1 |
1 |
|
6=:0 |
|
|
|
|
= 1 |
1 |
;1 |
= 6 |
|
|
|
|||
|
2 |
;1 |
3 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
zAMETIM, ^TO, W \TOM SLU^AE (KAK I W PREDYDU]EM), RANG OSNOWNOJ MATRICY SISTEMY RAWEN ^ISLU NEIZWESTNYH, PO\TOMU SISTEMA IMEET EDINSTWENNOE RE[ENIE.
sOSTAWIM I WY^ISLIM OPREDELITELX DLQ PERWOGO NEIZWESTNOGO x1. dLQ \TOGO W GLAWNOM OPREDELITELE PERWYJ STOLBEC, SOOTWETSTWU@- ]IJ KO\FFICIENTAM PRI x1, ZAMENIM STOLBCOM SWOBODNYH ^LENOW:
|
4 |
;1 |
1 |
|
1 = 2 |
1 |
;1 |
= 12: |
|
|
6 |
;1 |
3 |
|
aNALOGI^NO, ZAMENIW WTOROJ STOLBEC W GLAWNOM OPREDELITELE STOLB- COM SWOBODNYH ^LENOW, ZAPI[EM I WY^ISLIM OPREDELITELX 2, A,
21