II. Работа над грамматикой.

Обзор видо-временных форм глагола.

Заполните пропуски соответствующей формой глагола, данного в скобках, в действительном или страдательном залоге:

Oral hygiene _______ (to be) necessary to prevent cavities. This ________ (to consist of) regular professional cleaning (every 6 months), brushing at least twice a day, and daily flossing. X-rays ________ (to take) yearly to detect possible cavities in high risk areas of the mouth.

Chewy, sticky foods (such as dried fruit or candy) _______ (must/eat) as part of a meal rather than as a snack. If possible, brush the teeth or rinse the mouth with water after eating these foods.

Dental sealants ________ (can/prevent) some cavities. Sealants are thin plastic-like coatings which ________(to apply) to the chewing surfaces of the molars. These coatings _______ (to prevent) the accumulation of plaque in the deep grooves on these vulnerable surfaces. Sealants _______ (to apply) usually on the teeth of children, shortly after the molars erupt. Older people _______ (may/benefit from) the use of tooth sealants.

Fluoride ________often (to recommend) to protect against dental caries. It _________ (to demonstrate) that people who ingest fluoride in their drinking water or by fluoride supplements _______ (to have) fewer dental caries. Fluoride ingested when the teeth are developing ________ (to incorporate) into the structure of the enamel and _________ (to protect) it against the action of acids.

Topical fluoride _________ also (to recommend) to protect the surface of the teeth. This _________ (may/to include) a fluoride toothpaste or mouthwash. Many dentists ________ (to include) application of topical fluoride solutions (applied to a localized area of the teeth) as part of routine visits.

III. Ознакомительное чтение Направлено на формирование компетенции ок-5, пк-31

to involve – включать, вовлекать

thorough (cleaning) – тщательная чистка

scaling – удаление зубного камня

tartar deposits – отложения зубного камня

beneath – ниже, под

adjustment – корректировка, поправка

to place antibiotic fibres – помещать волокна, пропитанные антибиотиком

planing – очищение корня зуба

to encourage healing – способствовать заживлению

to smooth – сглаживать

to simplify – упрощать, облегчать

an artificial bone – искусственная кость

to stabilize teeth – стабилизировать зубы

a splint – шина

to apply a periodontal pack – накладывать десневую повязку

Treatment methods depend on the type of disease and the patient’s condition. The first stage usually involves thorough cleaning. Sometimes scaling is used to remove plaque and tartar deposits beneath the gumline. In some cases the bite may require adjustment. Dentists sometimes place antibiotic fibers into periodontal pockets after scaling and planing tooth roots. It also helps to control infection and encourages healing. When deep pockets (more than 4 mm) are present, a dentist has problems with removing plaque and tartar. Such pockets can’t be kept clean and free of plaque. To restore periodontal health, surgery may be needed. Dentists use different surgical instruments to reach areas requiring removal of tartar, which causes chronic infection. Tooth roots are cleaned and smoothed. Gums are returned back to their usual position or are placed into a new position if it simplifies keeping them clean.

Sometimes bone surgery is required. It is used to rebuild or to respahe the bone that has been destroyed. Grafts of the patient’s bone or artificial bone may be used, as well as membranes. To stabilize loose teeth dentists often use splints.

If a substantial part of the gum tissue has been lost around the tooth root, a gingival graft may be used. It is taken from healthy tissues elsewhere in the mouth. After surgery a dentist may apply a periodontal pack over affected teeth and gums to prevent contamination and to reduce swelling and pain.

Ответьте на вопросы:

• What does the first stage of treating periodontal diseases involve?

• Why do dentists sometimes place antibiotic fibers into periodontal pockets?

• When is bone surgery used?

• What do dentists use to stabilize loose teeth?

• What is it necessary to do if a substantial part of the gum tissue has been lost?

• Why do dentists apply a periodontal pack after surgery?