POSOBIE_Bazovy_kurs

6.When do your lessons begin? How long do they last?

7.When do you have dinner?

8.Do you usually have dinner at home or at your Academy canteen?

9.How long does it take you to prepare your homework? Do you sometimes go to the library to get ready for classes?

10.What do you usually do in the evenings?

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UNIT 4

MY NATIVE COUNTRY

PART A

RUSSIA

The Russian Federation is the largest country in the world. It is situated in the eastern part of Europe and the northern part of Asia. The territory of Russia is over 17 million square kilometres. The population of Russia is about 160 million people.

The country is washed by the Arctic Ocean in the north, and the Pacific Ocean in the east. It is known to be washed by 12 seas: the White Sea, the Lapteves Sea, the Barents Sea, the Baltic Sea, the Black Sea, etc.

On the vast territory of Russia one can find forests, steppes, lowlands and highlands, mountains and valleys. The main mountain chains are the Altai, the Caucasus, the Urals (the natural border between the European and the Asian parts of Russia).

Russia is rich in big and small rivers, the Volga River which flows into the Caspian Sea being the longest river in Europe. Most of the rivers are suitable for navigation, many rivers produce electric power. Russia is rich in beautiful lakes as well. The famous Russian lake Baikal is considered to be the deepest and the most beautiful lake in the world. It is 1620 metres deep, more than any other lake in the world. The lake contains four times as much water as the White Sea, almost 20 per cent of the world’s fresh water reserves. The water of the Baikal is amazingly clear, its transparency is 100 times greater than that of many other lakes ‒ in fact it is legendary. Over 300 rivers flow into the Baikal, but if you count all those which appear and disappear according to season there are 500 altogether. Thousands of tourists coming to Russia try to visit the lake, to see the picturesque scenery around it, to taste the fish from the lake.

Covering such a large territory Russia certainly has different types of climate in different parts. It varies from arctic in the north to subtropical in the south. The coldest point of the northern hemisphere, where temperatures are minus 70 degrees, is located in Siberia. As far as the climate of the Bryansk region is concerned it is moderately continental. Summers are relatively warm, and winters are moderately cold. The average annual temperature is +4.4 0C (4.4 degrees above zero).

Russia is rich in natural resources. It has deposits of natural gas, coal, oil,

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iron ores, gold, nickel, silver, etc. Three quarters of the country's minerals and fuels are concentrated in Siberia and the Far East.

There is a diversity of animal life. One can name seal, walrus, polar bear and fox, reindeer, ermine, elk, sable, wolf, wild boar, tiger, etc.

The capital of Russia is Moscow. It occupies the territory of about 900 square kilometres. More than 9 million people live in Moscow. You are likely to remember that in 2017 Moscow will celebrate its 870th anniversary.

Moscow is the political, economic, commercial and cultural centre of Russia. It is also the centre of political life. The President of the Russia Federation and the Federal Government work in Moscow.

According to the Constitution, Russia is a Federal Republic. The head of the state is the President. The Federal Government consists of three branches: legislative, executive and judicial. The legislative power is represented by the Federal Assembly which consists of two chambers - the Council of Federation and the State Duma. The executive power belongs to the Government with the Prime Minister at the head. The judicial branch is represented by the Constitutional Court. The state symbol of Russia is a three-coloured flag (tricоlour). It has three horizontal stripes on it: white, blue and red.

Russia has a mixed economy. The production is controlled by both the government and private producers, though the share of private production is rather small. At present, the political and economic situation in the country is rather complicated. But in spite of the problems Russia is facing now, there are a lot of opportunities for the country to bесоme one of the leading countries in the world.

Russia, as any other country in the world, has its national and religious holidays. Some of them are very popular with the рeoрle. The main Russian national holidays are Victory Day, Independence Day, New Year’s Dау, Women’s

Day and May Day. There are some renewed holidays in Russia now which had been forgotten for many yеаrs. These are religious holidays: Christmas, Easter and some others.

4.1. Найдите в тексте английские эквиваленты указанных слов и словочетаний.

A.Распологаться, население, гора, долина, граница, запасы пресной воды, температура, природные ресурсы, разнообразие, политический, правительство, флаг, смешанная экономика, экономический, возможности, религиозный, ветвь власти.

B.skweə kɪləʊˌmiːtə, ˌpɒpjʊˈleɪʃən, ˈfɒrɪsts, stɛps, ˈləʊləndz, ˈhaɪləndz, ˈmaʊ ntɪnz, ˈvæliz, ʧeɪnz, ˈsjuːtəbl fɔː ˌnævɪˈgeɪʃən, frɛʃ ˈwɔːtə rɪˈzɜːvz, əˈmeɪzɪŋli, trænsˈpeərənsi, ˈlɛʤəndəri, ˌpɪkʧəˈrɛsk, ˈsiːnəri, ˈklaɪmɪt, ˈhɛmɪsfɪə, ˈtɛmprɪʧəz,

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ˈmaɪnəs, ˈævərɪʤ,	daɪˈvɜːsɪti, siːl,	ˈwɔːlrəs, ˈpəʊlə beər ænd fɒks, ˈreɪndɪə,
ˈɜːmɪn, ɛlk, ˈseɪbl,	wʊlf, waɪld bɔː,	ˈtaɪgə, ˈlɛʤɪslətɪv, ɪgˈzɛkjʊtɪv, ʤu(ː)ˈdɪʃəl,
flæg, rɪˈlɪʤəs.

4.2. Сопоставьте слова и их дефиниции.

1.	ocean	a.	an elongated depression between
			uplands, hills, or mountains, esp. one
			following the course of a stream
2.	sea	b.	a large area of water surrounded by
			land
3.	mountain	c.	having the power to make laws
4.	valley	d.	a mass of land rising abruptly and to a
			large height from the surrounding level
5.	river	e.	connected with a court of law or the
			legal system
6.	lake	f.	having the power to execute plans,
			actions, or laws
7.	legislative	g.	the large area of salty water that covers
			much of the earth s surface
8.	executive	h.	a large natural flow of water travelling
			along a channel to the sea, a lake
9.	judicial	i.	the elected head of a republican
			democratic state
10.	president	j.	the whole body of salt water which
			covers more than three fifths of the
			surface of the globe

4.3.Верны ли следующие предложения?

1.The Russian Federation is one of the largest countries in the world.

2.It occupies the whole continent of Euro-Asia.

3.Our country is washed by the seas of the Arctic, the Atlantic and the Pacific Oceans.

4.The Russian flora and fauna are rather poor.

5.There are many rivers and lakes in our land, that's why the climate is mild.

6.The population of our country is over 160 mln.

7.St.Peterburg is the capital of our state.

8.Our country has rich mineral resources.

9.Russia is one of the highly developed industrial powers in the world.

10.The Russian Federation is a constitutional state headed by the Prime Minister.

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11.The President controls all the branches of the government.

12.The Russian Parliament is called the State Duma.

13.The state symbol of Russia is a three-coloured flag.

14.Russia has a planned economy.

15.The main Russian national holidays are New Year’s Dау and Victory Day.

4.4.Переведите следующие вопросы на английский язык:

1.Как называется наша страна?

2.Где она расположена?

3.Какова её территория?

4.Каково её население?

5.С какими государствами она граничит?

6.Какими морями и океанами омывается наша страна?

7.Сколько рек и озёр на территории нашей страны?

8.Какие реки крупнейшие в России?

9.Наша страна имеет богатейшую флору и фауну, не так ли?

10.Какими природными ресурсами богата Россия?

4.5.Прочитайте текст. Ответьте на вопросы после текста (упр. 4.3) и перескажите его по-английски.

PART B

MOSCOW

Moscow is the capital of Russia, its political, economic, commercial and cultural centre. It was founded 8 centuries ago by Prince Yuri Dolgoruky.

Historians have accepted the year of 1147 as the start of Moscow’s history.

Gradually the city became more and more powerful. In the 13th century Moscow was the centre of the struggle of Russian lands for the liberation from the tartar yoke. In the 16th century under Ivan the Terrible Moscow became the capital of the new united state. Though Peter the Great moved the capital to St. Petersburg in 1712, Moscow remained the heart of Russia. That is why it became the main target of Napoleon’s attack. Three-quarters of the city were destroyed by fire during Napoleon’s occupation, but by the mid 18th century Moscow had been completely restored. After the October revolution Moscow became the capital again.

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Now Moscow is one of the largest cities in Europe. Its total area is about nine hundred square kilometres (ancient Moscow occupied the territory of the present-day Kremlin). The population of the city is over 10 million.

Moscow is one of the most beautiful cities in the world. The heart of Moscow is Red Square. It has more historic associations than any other place in

Moscow. The Kremlin and St Basil’s Cathedral (Vasily Blazheny) are masterpieces of ancient Russian architecture. The main Kremlin tower, the Spasskaya Tower, has become the symbol of the country.

On the territory of the Kremlin you can see old cathedrals, the Bell Tower of Ivan the Great, the Tzar-Cannon and the Tzar-Bell, the biggest cannon and bell in the world. St Basil’s Cathedral was built in the mid 16th century in memory of the victory over Kazan. There’s a legend that Ivan the Terrible blinded the architects Barma and Postnik, because he didn’t want them to create another masterpiece.

There are a lot of beautiful palaces, old mansions, cathedrals, churches and monuments in Moscow. Now Moscow is being reconstructed and we all hope that in a few years the city will become even more beautiful.

There are more than 100 museums in Moscow. The largest museums are the Pushkin Museum of Fine Arts and the State Tretyakov Gallery. Other unique museums in Moscow include the All-Russia Museum of Folk Arts, the Andrei Rublev Museum of Early Russian Art, Alexei Bakhrushin Theatre Museum, Mikhail Glinka Museum of Musical Culture and many others.

Moscow is famous for its theatres. The best-known of them is the Bolshoi Opera House. Drama theatres and studios are also very popular.

Moscow is a city of students. There are over 100 higher educational institutions in it. The State Moscow University is the most famous among them.

Moscow is the seat of the Russian Parliament (the Federal Assembly) and the centre of political life of the country.

Names

Ivan the Terrible [ˈʌɪv(ə)n ðə 'terəbl] — Иван Грозный Peter the Great ['piːtə ðə 'greɪt] — Пётр Великий (ПётрI) St Petersburg ['s(ə)nt ˈpiːtəzbəːg] — Санкт-Петербург Napoleon [nəˈpəʊlɪən] — Наполеон

St Basil’s Cathedral [s(ə)nt 'bæzl kə'θiːdr(ə)l] — Собор Василия Блаженного

the Bell Tower of Ivan the Great [ðə 'bel 'tauə əv ˈʌɪv(ə)n ðə 'greɪt] —

Колокольня Ивана Великого

the Tzar-Cannon [ðə 'zɑː'kænən] — Царь-пушка the Tzar-Bell [ðə 'zɑː'bel] — Царь-колокол

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Barma and Postnik — Барма и Постник

the Pushkin Museum of Fine Arts [ðə 'pʊʃkɪn mjuː'ziːəm əv 'faɪn 'ɑːts] —

Музей изобрaзительных искусств имени Пушкина

Kazan [kə'zæn] — Казань

the State Tretyakov Gallery [ðə 'steɪt ˈtrɛtjəkɒf 'gæl(ə)rɪ] —

Государственная Третьяковская галерея

the All-Russia Museum of Folk Arts [ðə 'ɔːl'rʌʃə mjuː'ziːəm əv 'fəuk 'ɑːts] — Всероссийский музей декоративного, прикладного и народного искусства

the Andrei Rublev Museum of Early Russian Art [ðə ˈɑːndreɪ 'ruːbl mjuː'ziːəm əv 'ɜːlɪ 'rʌʃən 'ɑːt] — Музей древнерусского искусства имени Андрея Рублёва

Alexei Bakhrushin Theatre Museum [alɛ'kseɪ bæh'ruʃən 'θɪətə mjuː'ziːəm] — Театральный музей имени Бахрушина

Mikhail Glinka Museum of Musical Culture [mɪhɛ'ɪl 'glɪnkə mjuː'ziːəm əv 'mjuːzɪk(ə)l 'kʌlʧə] — Музей музыкальной культуры имени Глинки

the Bolshoi Opera House [ðə 'bɔlʃɔɪ 'ɔp(ə)rə 'haus] — Большой театр оперы и балета

	Vocabulary
historian	‒ историк
to accept	‒ принимать, допускать
gradually	‒ постепенно
powerful	‒ сильный могущественный
liberation	‒ освобождение
tartar yoke	‒ татарское иго
united	‒ соединённый, объединённый
to remain	‒ оставаться
target	‒ мишень, цель, объект
attack	‒ нападение, атака
to destroy	‒ разрушать
fire	‒ пожар
occupation	‒ оккупация
to reconstruct	‒ перестраивать, восстанавливать
unique	‒ уникальный, единственный в своём
	роде
palace	‒ дворец
mansion	‒ особняк
completely	‒ полностью, целиком
to restore	‒ реставрировать, восстанавливать
ancient	‒ древний
masterpiece	‒ шедевр
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architecture	‒ архитектура
architect	‒ архитектор, зодчий
tower	‒ башня
legend	‒ легенда
to blind	‒ ослепить
drama (theatre)	‒ драматический театр
studio	‒ студия, театр-студия

4.5.Найдите в тексте английские эквиваленты указанных слов и словочетаний.

A.Коммерческий, постепенно, век, полностью, столица, архитектура, собор, церковь, монумент, музей, галерея, плитическая жизнь, могущественный, древний, революция, культура, надеяться, символ.

B.pəˈlɪtɪkəl, ˌiːkəˈnɒmɪk, kəˈmɜːʃəl, ˈkʌlʧərəl, ˈgrædjʊəli, ˈpaʊəfʊl, ˈsɛnʧʊri, əˈtæk, dɪsˈtrɔɪd, ˌrɛvəˈluːʃən, ˈtɛrɪtəri, hɑːt, kəˈθiːdrəl, ˈmɛməri, ˈɑːkɪtɛkt, ˈmɑːstəpiːs, ˈmænʃənz, kəˈθiːdrəlz, ˈʧɜːʧɪz, ˈmɒnjʊmənts, mju(ː)ˈzɪəmz, ˈθɪətəz, ˌɛdju(ː)ˈkeɪʃənl ˌɪnstɪˈtjuːʃənz, pəˈlɪtɪkəl laɪf.

4.6.Сопоставьте слова и их дефиниции.

1.	capital	a.	existing from a long past date
2.	square	b.	memorial structure
3.	city	c.	the most outstanding work of a creative
			artist or craftsman
4.	ancient	d.	a large or important town
5.	masterpiece	e.	any large and important church
6.	kremlin	f.	a building in which plays and other
			dramatic performances are given
7.	cathedral	g.	a repository or a collection of natural,
			scientific, or literary curiosities, or of
			works of art
8.	monument	h.	the most important city or town of a
			country or region, usually its seat of
			government and administrative centre
9.	museum	i.	major fortified central complex found
			in historic Russian cities
10.	theatre	j.	an open, typically four sided, area
			surrounded by buildings

4.7.Ответьте на следующие вопросы:

1.When was Moscow founded?

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2.Is there a monument to Yuri Dolgoruky in Moscow? Where is it?

3.When did Moscow become the capital?

4.In 1712 the capital was moved to St Petersburg, wasn’t it? When did

Moscow become the capital again?

5.Why did Moscow become the main target of Napoleon’s attack?

6.Was ancient Moscow a big city? What’s the total area of modern

Moscow?

7.What’s the population of Moscow?

8.Moscow is one of the most beautiful cities in the world, isn’t it?

9.What places of interest in the centre of Moscow do you know?

10.What do you know about St Basil’s Cathedral?

11.What can you see on the territory of the Kremlin?

12.What are the most famous Moscow museums? (art galleries?)

13.What museum or art gallery in Moscow have you already visited?

14.What theatres in Moscow do you know?

15.What is your favourite place in Moscow?

4.8.На основе текста составьте заведомо верные (true) и ложные (false) высказывания, спросите у других студентов, соответствует ли информация действительности.

4.9.Используя текст и дополнительную информацию, подготовьте презентацию о достопримечательностях Москвы.

4.10.Составьте кроссворд с названиями великих городов России и выдающихся достопримечательстей Москвы.

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UNIT 5

MY NATIVE LAND

PART A

THE BRYANSK REGION

The Bryansk region was formed on the 5th of July 1944. The official symbols of the Bryansk region, Flag, Emblem and Anthem were determined by the Regional Law «About the Symbols of the Bryansk Region», passed in 1998. Its Emblem symbolizes the unity of the three great Slavonic nations. It reflects the traditional spiritual values of Bryanskers; in particular, the battle glory, industrial mastery, arable farming. The Flag of the Bryansk region is a red banner with its Emblem in the centre. The song «The Bryansk Forest» by S.Katz and A.Sofronov is the Anthem of the Bryansk region.

The region consists of 27 districts and has 16 towns (5 of them are «subregional» ones), and 27 urban-type settlements. The largest cities are Bryansk, Klintzy, Novozybkov, Dyatkovo.

The Bryansk region stretches 270 km from west to east and 240 km from north to south. The total area is 34 900 square km. The population is about 1 242 144 people (900 000 is urban). The Bryansk region borders on the Chernigov, Sumi regions of the Ukraine, the Gomel, Mogilev regions of Byelorussia, the Smolensk, Kaluga, Oryol and Kursk regions of the RF. There are many large and small rivers on the territory of the region. The longest among them are the Desna (1 187 km), the Iput and the Besed. There are 49 large natural lakes in the region. The largest ones are the Besdonnoye, the Krugloye, and the Svyatoye. The region has a temperate and continental climate with warm summers and cold winters. The Bryansk region is rich in forests which occupy one third of the total area. There are both needleleaf and broadleaf forests as well as mixed ones. A lot of different animals and birds live there.

The industrial development of the region began in the 16th century. Since then iron-producing, glass-producing, timber-processing factories appeared there. At the beginning of the 19th century textile industry began to develop near the town of Klintsy. Now the main industry is machine-building. Machinebuilding plants produce Diesel engines, diesel locomotives, refrigerator sections, irrigation and agricultural machines, tractors, instruments and equipment. Our plants also produce steel, timber, cement, brick, mineral fertilizer, different consumer goods and foodstuffs.

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