II. Answer the following questions:

1. How far can we trace the development of armed forces?

2. When did the military become a specialized institution?

3. What factors distinguish the military from other in­ stitutions?

4. Why do we say it is an instrument of war?

5. What is the second characteristic of the military?

6. What is its specific culture like?

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7. Are the armed forces out of politics? What do you think?

8. What kind of conflicts may arise within the military itself?

9. What is the character of particular armed forces shaped by?

10. What roles does the military play in political life?

III. Complete the following sentences:

1. The military turned into a near-universal component of ... .

1. The military enjoys a virtual monopoly of ... .

2. The armed forces are characterized by a hierarchy of ... .

2. The military is sometimes portrayed as ....

3. The armed forces guarantee ....

4. It is a mistake to view the military as ... .

3. The character of armed forces is shaped by internal and external factors such as ... .

4. The military plays many roles in political life such as ....

IV. ENUMERATE ALL EXAMPLES OF THE MILITARY REGIMES MENTIONED IN THE TEXT.

ADDITIONAL READING

TEXT I

I. READ THE TEXT AND DO THE TASKS THAT FOL­LOW:

A SHARED VISION OF A BETTER WORLD

(by Kofi A. Annan)

Ours is a world in which no individual, and no country, exists in isolation. All of us live simultaneously in our own communities and in the world at large. The same icons,

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Political science

whether on a movie screen or a computer screen, are recog­nizable from Berlin to Bangalore. We are all influenced by the same tides of political, social and technological change. Pollution, organized crime and the proliferation of deadly weapons are «problems without passports.» We are con­nected and interdependent.

M uch of this is nothing new; human beings have inter­acted across the planet for centuries. But today's «globali­zation» is different. It is happening more rapidly. And it is governed by different rules or, in some cases, by no rules at all. Globalization is bringing us new choices and opportuni­ties. It is making us more familiar with global diversity. Yet, millions of people experience it not as an agent of progress, but as a disruptive force that can destroy lives, jobs and traditions.

Faced with the potential good of globalization as well as its risks, faced with deadly conflicts in which civilians are the primary targets, faced with poverty and injustice, we must be able to identify the areas where collective action is needed to safeguard global interests. Local communities have their town councils. Nations have their courts and legisla­tures. But in today's globalized world, it is high time for us to give more concrete meaning to the idea of the «inter­national community.»

What makes a community? What binds it together? For some it is faith. For others-it is the defense of an idea, such as democracy. Some communities are homogeneous, others multi-cultural. Some are small as schools and villages; others as large as continents. What binds us into an international community?

In the broadest sense there is a shared vision of a better world for all people. There is our sense of common vulnerability in the face of global warming and the spread of weapons of mass destruction. There is the framework of international law, treaties and human- rights conventions. There is equally our sense of shared opportunity, that is

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why we build common markets and joint institutions such as the United Nations. Together, we are stronger.

Some people say the international community is only a fiction. Others say it is a too elastic concept to have any real meaning. Some say there are no internationally recog­nized norms, goals or fears on which to base such a commu­nity. I believe these skeptics are wrong. The international community does exist.

When governments, urged along by civil society, come together to adopt a statute for the creation of an Interna­tional Criminal Court, that is the international community at work for the rule of law. When we see an international aid to the victims of earthquakes in Turkey and Greece, that is the international community following its humani­tarian impulse. When people come together to press govern­ments to relieve the world's poorest countries from crush­ing debt burdens, that is the international community throw­ing its weight behind the cause of development.

There are many more examples of the international com­munity at work. But too often the international communi­ty fails to do what is needed. It failed to prevent the geno­cide in Rwanda. For too long it reacted with weakness and hesitation to the horror of «ethic cleansing» in the former Yugoslavia.

The international system for much of our century has been based on division and hard calculations of real poli­tics. In the new century, we can and must do better. I do not mean to suggest that an era of complete harmony is within our reach. Or course, interests and ideas will al­ways clash. But we can improve on this century's dismal record. The international community is a «work in progress.» Many strands of cooperation have asserted them­selves over the years. We must stitch them into a strong fabric of community — of international community for an

international era.

(from «NEWSWEEK», 2001)

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II. TRANSLATE THE FOLLOWING WORD-COMBINA­ TIONS:

A shared vision; organized crime; proliferation of deadly weapons; to bring choices and opportunities; to be faced pith; to safeguard global interests; in the broadest sense; sense of common vulnerability; in the face of; spread of weapons of mass destruction; to adopt a statute; a humani-

arian impulse; to relieve from debts; weakness and hesi-tation; complete harmony.

III. MAKE UP YOUR OWN SENTENCES WITH THE ABOVE WORD-COMBINATIONS OR REPRODUCE SITU­ ATIONS FROM THE TEXT.

IV. COMPLETE THE FOLLOWING SENTENCES. USE ГНЕ WORD-COMBINATIONS OF EXERCISE II.

1. Human beings are faced with ....

2. People are influenced by ... .

3. They experience ... in the face of ... .