V. Answer the following questions:

1. No country exists in isolation, does it?

2. How would you prove that?

3. What problems are considered to be «problems with­ out passports»?

4. What is the globalization process like today?

5. What positive aspects of globalization are we faced with now?

6. Are we faced with any risks at the same time?

7. What is meant by international community?

8. What makes a community?

9. What makes people unite?

10. What do skeptics say concerning international com­ munity?

11. Whose viewpoint do you share? _

12. Could you give examples of international communities?

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13. Are the activities of these communities always suc­ cessful?

13. Is the importance of such cooperation increasing or

decreasing?

VI. THERE ARE SOME GLOBAL PROBLEMS IN THE WORLD. THEY ARE:

1. pollution;

2. organized crime;

3. proliferation of deadly weapons;

4. military conflicts;

5. poverty and injustice;

6. global warming;

7. genocide;

8. terrorism.

Say which of these problems you think to be of primary importance, of secondary importance and so on. Rearrange the order of problems mentioned in accordance with your point of view.

VII. COULD YOU EXPLAIN THE ESSENCE OF:

1. the term globalization;

2. community;

3. genocide;

4. international community?

VIII. AGREE OR DISAGREE WITH THE FOLLOWING STATEMENTS:

1. We are influenced by the same tides of political, so­ cial and technological change.

1. Globalization is governed by rules.

2. Globalization is governed by no rules.

3. Human beings are faced with disruptive problems.

4. It is possible to safeguard our global needs.

5. It is high time to bind together.

6. There is a sense of common vulnerability in the world

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8. International laws and treaties are necessary for peace­ ful life.

9. I nternational communities follow humanitarian im­ pulses.

10. Interests and ideas will always clash. Nothing could be done.

11. By joint efforts we can improve the situation and enter the era of complete harmony.

IX. REVIEW THE ARTICLE.

X. CONDUCT AN INTERVIEW WITH THE AUTHOR OF THE ARTICLE.

XL ORGANIZE A ROUND-TABLE DISCUSSION DE­VOTED TO THE GLOBAL PROBLEMS:

1. Globalization and its development.

2. Organized crime and its consequences.

3. Pollution and environmental protection.

XII. READ THE ARTICLE AND ANSWER THE FOL­LOWING QUESTIONS:

1. What does Human Rights Day signify?

2. How is this holiday celebrated in the USA?

3. When was the Universal Declaration of Human Rights adopted?

4. What is the significance of accepting the Universal Declaration of Human Rights?

HUMAN RIGHTS DAY

December 10 is observed as Human Rights Day by most member countries of the United Nations. The celebrations mark the anniversary of the unanimous adoption of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights by the UN General Assembly on December 10, 1948.

In the United States, the observance is known as Hu­man Rights Week and extends from December 10 through

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17 in order to include another important rights anniversa­ry — December 15, the date on which the Bill of Rights became part of the US Constitution in 1791. Widely ob­served, Human Rights Week is customarily bracketed by presidential proclamations designating December 10 as Human Rights Day and December 15 as Bill of Rights Day. The purpose of all the observances is to foster understand­ing of the meaning of these landmark documents of human dignity in specific terms. Rights and freedoms are stressed in press and broadcasting media during Human Rights Week, and pertinent displays are seen in schools, libraries, and else­where. Often the exhibits are highlighted by full-text displays of the Universal Declaration and the Bill of Rights.

The story of how the United Nations' Universal Declara­tion of Human Rights came into being is not generally known. When the charter for establishment of the United Na­tions was drawn up at San Francisco in 1945, it contained repeated references to the «human rights and fundamental freedoms» that it sought to support, and it called upon member nations to promote and encourage such rights in cooperation with the world body. However, since the docu­ment nowhere spelled out exactly what these rights and freedoms were, it became necessary to frame such a defini­tion before nations could be expected to promote and en­courage them in any very specific way.

The UN Commission on Human Rights was therefore called upon to prepare a statement of principles that could serve as a universal standard. As set forth in 30 articles, the enunciated principles became known as the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. Two of the document's chief authors were Charles Malik, Lebanon's representative to the UN; and Eleanor Roosevelt, US delegate to the UN, who was the first to chair the Commission on Human Rights. Only Saudi Arabia, the Union of South Africa, and six So­viet bloc nations abstained from the vote that resulted in unanimous adoption of the Universal Declaration of Hu-

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man Rights by the General Assembly of the United Nations on December 10, 1948.

I n addition to drafting the declaration, the Commission on Human Rights was charged with the task of preparing treaties — the Covenants on Human Rights, as they are known — by which member nations could undertake as a binding legal obligation the enforcement of the provisions of the Universal Declaration.

Ratification of the two implementing covenants — one [ on the economic, social, and cultural rights — by the whole, huge roster of UN member nations has been slow; even today, the process is far from being complete. That fact notwithstanding, the unanimously accepted Universal Decla­ration of Human Rights remains a towering achievement as a statement of ideals and declaration of purpose — one that not only recognizes civil and political rights that had been set forth earlier in democratic constitutions, but also sets forth and defines as rights a number of economic, so­cial, and cultural requirements. As such, it is one of the landmark documents of human dignity, and of the worth, equality, and rights of individuals.

XIII. REVIEW THE ARTICLE. USE THE FOLLOWING WORD-COMBINATIONS:

Unanimous adoption; documents of human dignity; human rights and fundamental freedoms; to promote and encourage rights; to be charged with the task; as a legal obligation; to remain a towering achievement; a statement of ideals; to recognize civil and political rights.

XIV. READ THE TEXT AND CHARACTERIZE ELEANOR ROOSEVELT AS A POLITICAL ACTIVIST:

ELEANOR ROOSEVELT: «Her Glow Warmed the World»

Eleanor Roosevelt was America's First Lady during the long presidency of her husband Franklin D. Roosevelt, 1932-

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1945. Like no other President's wife before or since, she main­tained an active career in public life; and she inspired both praise and criticism for her role championing social and poli­tical reform. Working within her role as wife, Eleanor Roosevelt carried her belief in personal service to the front­line of American government and the world at large. Upon her death Adlai Stevenson said of her, «Her glow warmed the world.»

Though Eleanor Roosevelt distinguished herself nation­ally and internationally in the years that followed her hus­band's death, she is remembered primarily as an active, effective team member of the Roosevelt administration. Describing her political relationship with her husband, she once said that he had been «the politician,» but she had been «the agitator,» the activist behind the scenes, urging him to take positions on controversial matters.

The eyes and ears for a husband confined to wheelchair because of polio, Eleanor traveled widely, meeting people from all walks of life, learning of the problems of the underprivileged, and working to see that something would be done for them. She changed the White House from being merely the president's mansion into a rallying place for young people, women, farmers, laborers, and blacks.

Born in New York City, October 11,1884, Eleanor Roosevelt had a lonely and unhappy childhood. Though her family was socially prominent — her uncle Theodore Roosevelt became the 26^th president of the United States (1901-1909) — she perso­nally felt unacceptable and inadequate as a young child. An awkward and plain-looking girl, Eleanor once said that she was the «ugly duckling» in a family of beautiful people.

Eleanor's mother died when Eleanor was eight years old, and she was sent to live with her maternal grandmother. Her father died at the sanitarium just a year later, leaving Eleanor alone and feeling entirely unloved.

Her grandmother's home was a place of rules and regu­lations. She was cared for by nurses and received private

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tutoring. Then at the age of 15, she was sent to England for further education.

W hen Eleanor returned to New York three years later, she taught for a short time in a settlement house. She also joined the Consumers League, a voluntary association dedi­cated to improving the working conditions of women and children employed in factories.

In 1903 Eleanor met Franklin Delano Roosevelt, a dis­tant cousin, who was then studying at Harvard University. He was able to see beneath Eleanor's awkwardness and em­barrassment and to recognize a sincerity and strength of character which most young women of her class lacked. Eleanor and Franklin married in 1905.

After receiving his law degree, Franklin chose to enter politics. In 1910 he was elected as a state senator for New York, and Eleanor and the family traveled with him to Al­bany where she became active in consumer affairs and various welfare and charitable programs. As life-mate, Eleanor supported Franklin as he rose within the Democratic Party, moving the family to Washington when Franklin was appointed assistant secretary to the navy on the eve of World War I.

When World War ended, Eleanor was active in relief service and became an outspoken critic of social wrongs she observed. When she traveled with Franklin to Europe for the Paris Peace talks in 1919, she was inspired by the hopes which many had for a lasting peace through the establish­ment of a world organization dedicated to improving the conditions of life everywhere.

In 1921, while vacationing at Campobello, Franklin was stricken with polio. Eleanor provided the help and inspira­tion which he needed to return to public life despite a pa­ralysis which totally immobilized his legs.

When Franklin was elected president in 1932, Eleanor became a personal link between the Roosevelt administra­tion and the people. Traveling more than 40,000 miles

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around the country in 1933, Eleanor Roosevelt had direct contact with people whose lives had been torn by the Great Depression. She provided a channel for the complaints which these people expressed; and she was able to see something would be done about correcting the situation.

Feeling less bound by political considerations than the President, and driven by her personal concept of duty, Eleanor became a symbol of reform. She worked to improve the status of the American black in cooperation with the Na­tional Association for the Advancement of Colored People. When her activities brought forth criticism from some segments of society, Eleanor began writing a syndicated news­paper column, «My Day,» in which she discussed what she had seen and heard in the course of her active day's program. In an effort to get the newspapers and wire services to employ more women, she instituted press conferences open to women reporters only. Though thoroughly aligned with the Demo­cratic Party, Eleanor saw herself primarily as a private citi­zen working toward educating the public for social reform.

Following Franklin's death in 1945, Eleanor was ap­pointed as US delegate to the United Nations. She chaired the Commission of Human Rights and helped to draft the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. Her effectiveness was in her ability to deal with people. She was able to re­duce quarrels of doctrine to human differences which could be discussed on a personal level. She wrote:

«We must be able to disagree with people and to consider new ideas and not to be afraid. We must preserve our right to think and to differ.»

Eleanor clearly exercised her right to think and to differ when administration changed in 1952 and the Republican Party took over the leadership of the national government. As a member of the loyal opposition, she continued to speak out on issues that concerned her.

Eleanor Roosevelt remained active until her death on November 7, 1962. Her years alone were active productive

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pears. Not only in the United States, but in the countries round the world, she was a symbol for hope, compassion, and courage. Wife, mother, world figure, Eleanor Roosevelt was motivated by a trust in humanity and a faith in the value of one's own contributions. Her life embodied her words: «You have to accept whatever comes, and the only im­artant thing is that you meet it with courage and with the best that you have to give.»

X V. FIND IN THE TEXT THE FACTS TO PROVE THAT:

1. Eleanor Roosevelt distinguished herself nationally and internationally.

2. She is an active member of the president's adminis­ tration.

3. Eleanor was an outspoken critic of social wrongs.

4. She was a symbol of reform.

5. She took part in drafting the Universal Declaration of Human Rights.

6. Eleanor Roosevelt remained active until her death.

XVI. SPEAK ON ELEANOR ROOSEVELT'S LIFE-STORY.

XVII. ASK YOUR FRIEND:

• if he has read anything about E. Roosevelt before;

• why she is respected and honoured throughout the world;

• what features of character permitted Eleanor to become a political activist;

• if she was happy in her personal life;

• if it is difficult to be a president's wife;

• what especially astonishes him in her biography;

• what were the basic motives for her ardent activity;

• if she lived a difficult or happy life;

— what he thinks why she had no enemies in her life;

• whether Eleanor's life is a model for copying;

• if she led her life in the way anybody could envy.

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TEXT II

I. READ AND TRANSLATE THE ARTICLE: FROM DIATRIBE TO DIALOGUE (by Claude Smadja)

Is globalization irreversible? Yes, it is. No one, of course, would deny that it has touched off a backlash — huge and sometimes violent protests at international economic meet­ings, stalling of the talks on a new trade round. Some pes­simists look at these events and draw a parallel to the his­tory of the world between the two world wars. In the 1920s, as today, progress in communications and transport led many to believe that an irreversible process of international co­operation had begun. Then those hopes were dashed by a surge of protectionism and an explosion of nationalism and hatred.

This kind of comparison overlooks one crucial point. The process of globalization has gone much farther today than it had 75 years ago. The breadth of the revolution in informa­tion technology and communications, the scope of economic and business integration, and the phenomenal volume and extreme mobility of international financial flows are creat­ing conditions that make this process truly irreversible.

So the real question is not whether globalization will proceed, but how smoothly. The lesson of the backlash is that globalization cannot remain a process driven mostly by business. The assumption that the public will happily applaud as globalization demonstrates its enormous bene­fits has proved quite wrong. The public has very real anxi­eties. The rosy expectation that «a rising tide lifts all boats» was at best naive. The tide of globalization is raising only some boats, and to different levels and in different ways. The challenge of inequalities — in health, education, Inter­net access and fundamental prosperity — remains as press­ing as ever, both within individual nations and between the nations of the world.

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Even as we have learned that a market economy can do wonders, we also have learned that the market does not have all the answers. The reaction against globalization springs, in large measure, from a fear that globalization means the return to some new version of the law of the jungle. To prevent this, we must put in place new regulato­ry measures adapted to the new economic balance of power Private companies must assert a much wider and stronger sense of corporate social responsibility. And we must listen to the responsible voices of a new «civil society,» which are forcing a debate on which type we want.

P eople's sense of alienation and malaise is aggravated by the feeling that the future is coming at us too fast and too brutally. We don't know who is governing whom, and the traditional system of representative democracy no longer responds to the new social, psychological and economic re­alities produced by globalization.

What should be our response to this malaise and to the backlash it is generating? We must not ignore the wide array of different interests, motivations and philosophies that global organizations embody. Though many of them express widely shared anxieties, others are just groups look­ing for trouble. And then there are the self-appointed de­fenders of the developing countries whose lofty zeal does not always hide the fact that they are actually defending their own interests.

The challenge for those who would address the backlash against globalization is to open the right dialogue with the right interlocutors. This means drawing a clear line between those voices expressing legitimate concerns and others bent on using any high-profile international event as a platform to get their 30 seconds in the spotlight. Kowtow­ing to the latter will just make matters worse by providing an appearance of legitimacy to extremists. This will have the almost automatic effect of hardening positions on the part of the businesses and governments they are attacking.

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The challenge is to go from diatribe to dialogue. A dia­logue will mean a lot of give and take, and it has to be based on a shared will by all parties involved, to search for constructive approaches to the challenges of globalization and the technology revolution. Globalization is irreversible. But it depends on partnerships between governments, busi­ness and civil society to reduce its costs and enhance its potential in the best way.

(from «NEWSWEEK», 2002)

Notes:

Diatribe - обличительная речь

Malaise - недомогание, нездоровье

Backlash - ответный удар

Kowtowing - раболепствование, поклонение

II. GIVE RUSSIAN EQUIVALENTS FOR: Irreversible; a surge of protectionism; an explosion of

hatred; a crucial point; enormous benefits; Internet access; prosperity; to place regulatory measures; corporate social responsibility; alienation; a wide array of different interests; on the part of; to reduce costs; to enhance a potential.

III. FIND IN THE ARTICLE ENGLISH EQUIVALENTS FOR:

Переговоры; создавать условия; в лучшем случае; процветание; рыночная экономика; закон джунглей; со­беседник; отрицать; воплощать.

IV. FILL IN THE BLANKS WITH THE WORDS GIVEN IN THE BRACKETS AND TRANSLATE THE SENTENCES INTO RUSSIAN:

1. The revolution in information technology, business inte­ gration create conditions for making globalization process ....

2. There is certain evidence of enormous ... of globali­ zation.

3 created conditions for global cooperation.

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4. Civil societies should strive for fundamental ....

5. B ut sense of ... is still acute because of fear in the face of future.

6. Different philosophies ... different interests, motiva­ tions and views.

7. A dialogue between nations should be based on

of the world.

(benefits; prosperity; to embody; a shared vision; irre­versible; Internet access; alienation)