Занятие 17

Этапы занятия и рекомендуемая продолжительность тренировки видов речевой деятельности:

I. Изучающее чтение.

Preventive dentistry

Preventive dentistry consists of the various educational procedures, used by dentists, dental hygienists, physicians, nurses, teachers and others to develop scientific oral health knowledge. It is aimed at preventing the improper oral cavity functioning and harmful habits. The procedures include effective and scientifically correct educational measures or specific preventive techniques, such as the topical application of sodium fluoride to teeth, the addition of fluoride to public water supplies, proper toothbrushing, proper diet and the prevention of accidents to teeth.

The objectives of preventive dentistry, in the broader sense, are to prevent:

† factors which predispose to disease or disorder;

† the disease itself;

† factors which evoke severe manifestations of acute disease;

† factors which tend to maintain disease in a chronic stage;

† factors which permit the advance of disease;

† the complications of disease, both local and systemic, including death;

† factors which tend to maintain disability resulting from disease;

Preventive dentistry should be taught as philosophy, in all phases of the curriculum. It should be a joint responsibility of all departments of the dental school. The teaching of preventive dentistry should emphasize the various levels of prevention, including:

† measures to promote positive oral and general health, such as improved nutrition and mouth hygiene;

† the application of specific preventive measures, such as fluoridation;

† early diagnosis and treatment, as for neoplasms;

† measures to interrupt or delay the progress of disease, and to limit disability;

† measures which will contribute to rehabilitation, such as orthodontics, prosthetic services, oral surgery and esthetical dentistry.

Задание 1. Переведите на русский язык следующие слова и словосочетания:

Preventive dentistry, oral health knowledge, sodium fluoride, public water supplies, to predispose to disease, to evoke, to contribute to rehabilitation

Задание 2. Ответьте на вопросы:

1. What procedures are aimed at preventing the improper oral cavity functioning and harmful habits?

2. What are the objectives of preventive dentistry?

3. What levels of prevention should be emphasized during the teaching of preventive dentistry?

II. Работа над грамматикой

Найдите в тексте примеры неличных форм глагола, определите их функции в предложении и дайте перевод.

III. Поисковое чтение

Прочтите текст и найдите ответ на следующий вопрос:

What factors may cause stained teeth?

Stained teeth

Perfect snow-white smile is an ever-lasting dream. There are many reasons for your desire to make your teeth look whiter, including:

- the boost to your confidence and self-esteem that comes from a great smile,

- a younger appearance,

- a special event such as a wedding, job interview or class reunion,

- a desire to make a positive first impression on others, etc.

Just like we all have different hair and skin colour, people also have different tooth colour. Some teeth are more yellow than others, while others yellow with aging. Stained teeth (surface stains and internal discoloration) can be caused by a wide variety of factors:

- the natural aging process;

- using tobacco. Smoking can also lead to yellow or brown stains on teeth. The more you smoke, the darker your teeth become.

- Certain things you eat or drink can give your teeth a dull or yellow appearance. Drinking coffee, tea, colas or red wine and eating pigmented foods such as cherries and blueberries can evolve discolouring.

- Accumulation of plaque and tartar deposits.

- What’s more, certain drugs may cause discolouring of teeth as well. Some antibiotics or fluorine taken at an early age, when the teeth are developing, lead to the development of yellow, brown and grey stains later in life.

- Trauma to the teeth, using them as tools and

- general neglect will also make your smile less attractive.

Dentists advise: “ Break bad habits before they break your teeth”