ATmega8(L)
Table of Contents	Features................................................................................................	1
	Pin Configurations...............................................................................	2
	Overview ...............................................................................................	3
	Block Diagram ......................................................................................................	3
	Disclaimer .............................................................................................................	4
	Pin Descriptions....................................................................................................	5
	About Code Examples.........................................................................	6
	AVR CPU Core .....................................................................................	7
	Introduction ...........................................................................................................	7
	Architectural Overview..........................................................................................	7
	Arithmetic Logic Unit – ALU..................................................................................	9
	Status Register .....................................................................................................	9
	General Purpose Register File ...........................................................................	10
	Stack Pointer ......................................................................................................	11
	Instruction Execution Timing...............................................................................	12
	Reset and Interrupt Handling..............................................................................	12
	AVR ATmega8 Memories ..................................................................	15
	In-System Reprogrammable Flash Program Memory ........................................	15
	SRAM Data Memory...........................................................................................	16
	Data Memory Access Times...............................................................................	17
	EEPROM Data Memory......................................................................................	17
	I/O Memory .........................................................................................................	22
	System Clock and Clock Options ....................................................	23
	Clock Systems and their Distribution ..................................................................	23
	Clock Sources.....................................................................................................	24
	Crystal Oscillator.................................................................................................	25
	Low-frequency Crystal Oscillator ........................................................................	26
	External RC Oscillator ........................................................................................	27
	Calibrated Internal RC Oscillator ........................................................................	28
	External Clock.....................................................................................................	30
	Timer/Counter Oscillator.....................................................................................	30
	Power Management and Sleep Modes.............................................	31
	Idle Mode ............................................................................................................	32
	ADC Noise Reduction Mode...............................................................................	32
	Power-down Mode..............................................................................................	32
	Power-save Mode...............................................................................................	32
	Standby Mode.....................................................................................................	33
	Minimizing Power Consumption .........................................................................	33
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2486M–AVR–12/03

System Control and Reset ................................................................	35
Internal Voltage Reference .................................................................................	40
Watchdog Timer .................................................................................................	41
Timed Sequences for Changing the Configuration of the Watchdog Timer .......	43
Interrupts ............................................................................................	44
Interrupt Vectors in ATmega8.............................................................................	44
I/O Ports..............................................................................................	49
Introduction .........................................................................................................	49
Ports as General Digital I/O ................................................................................	50
Alternate Port Functions .....................................................................................	54
Register Description for I/O Ports .......................................................................	63
External Interrupts .............................................................................	64
8-bit Timer/Counter0..........................................................................	67
Overview.............................................................................................................	67
Timer/Counter Clock Sources.............................................................................	68
Counter Unit........................................................................................................	68
Operation ............................................................................................................	68
Timer/Counter Timing Diagrams.........................................................................	69
8-bit Timer/Counter Register Description ...........................................................	70
Timer/Counter0 and Timer/Counter1 Prescalers ............................	72
16-bit Timer/Counter1........................................................................	74
Overview.............................................................................................................	74
Accessing 16-bit Registers .................................................................................	77
Timer/Counter Clock Sources.............................................................................	80
Counter Unit........................................................................................................	80
Input Capture Unit...............................................................................................	81
Output Compare Units ........................................................................................	83
Compare Match Output Unit ...............................................................................	85
Modes of Operation ............................................................................................	86
Timer/Counter Timing Diagrams.........................................................................	93
16-bit Timer/Counter Register Description .........................................................	95
8-bit Timer/Counter2 with PWM and Asynchronous Operation ..	102
Overview...........................................................................................................	102
Timer/Counter Clock Sources...........................................................................	103
Counter Unit......................................................................................................	104
Output Compare Unit........................................................................................	105
Compare Match Output Unit .............................................................................	107
Modes of Operation ..........................................................................................	108
Timer/Counter Timing Diagrams.......................................................................	113

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ATmega8(L)

8-bit Timer/Counter Register Description .........................................................	115
Asynchronous Operation of the Timer/Counter ................................................	117
Timer/Counter Prescaler...................................................................................	121
Serial Peripheral Interface – SPI.....................................................	122
SS Pin Functionality..........................................................................................	126
Data Modes ......................................................................................................	129
USART ..............................................................................................	130
Overview...........................................................................................................	130
Clock Generation ..............................................................................................	131
Frame Formats .................................................................................................	134
USART Initialization..........................................................................................	135
Data Transmission – The USART Transmitter .................................................	137
Data Reception – The USART Receiver ..........................................................	140
Asynchronous Data Reception .........................................................................	144
Multi-processor Communication Mode .............................................................	148
Accessing UBRRH/UCSRC Registers..............................................................	149
USART Register Description ............................................................................	150
Examples of Baud Rate Setting........................................................................	156
Two-wire Serial Interface ................................................................	160
Features............................................................................................................	160
Two-wire Serial Interface Bus Definition...........................................................	160
Data Transfer and Frame Format .....................................................................	161
Multi-master Bus Systems, Arbitration and Synchronization ............................	164
Overview of the TWI Module ............................................................................	166
TWI Register Description..................................................................................	168
Using the TWI ...................................................................................................	171
Transmission Modes.........................................................................................	175
Multi-master Systems and Arbitration...............................................................	188
Analog Comparator .........................................................................	190
Analog Comparator Multiplexed Input ..............................................................	192
Analog-to-Digital Converter ............................................................	193
Features............................................................................................................	193
Starting a Conversion .......................................................................................	195
Prescaling and Conversion Timing ...................................................................	195
Changing Channel or Reference Selection ......................................................	197
ADC Noise Canceler.........................................................................................	198
ADC Conversion Result....................................................................................	202

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Boot Loader Support – Read-While-Write Self-Programming .....	206
Boot Loader Features .......................................................................................	206
Application and Boot Loader Flash Sections ....................................................	206
Read-While-Write and No Read-While-Write Flash Sections...........................	206
Boot Loader Lock Bits.......................................................................................	208
Entering the Boot Loader Program ...................................................................	209
Addressing the Flash During Self-Programming ..............................................	211
Self-Programming the Flash .............................................................................	212
Memory Programming.....................................................................	219
Program And Data Memory Lock Bits ..............................................................	219
Fuse Bits...........................................................................................................	220
Signature Bytes ................................................................................................	221
Calibration Byte ................................................................................................	221
Parallel Programming Parameters, Pin Mapping, and Commands ..................	222
Parallel Programming .......................................................................................	224
Serial Downloading...........................................................................................	232
Serial Programming Pin Mapping .....................................................................	232
Electrical Characteristics ................................................................	237
Absolute Maximum Ratings*.............................................................................	237
DC Characteristics............................................................................................	237
External Clock Drive Waveforms ......................................................................	239
External Clock Drive .........................................................................................	239
Two-wire Serial Interface Characteristics .........................................................	240
SPI Timing Characteristics ...............................................................................	241
ADC Characteristics .........................................................................................	243
ATmega8 Typical Characteristics ..................................................	244
Register Summary ...........................................................................	282
Instruction Set Summary ................................................................	284
Ordering Information .......................................................................	287
Packaging Information ....................................................................	288
32A ...................................................................................................................	288
28P3 .................................................................................................................	289
32M1-A .............................................................................................................	290
Erratas ..............................................................................................	291
ATmega8
Rev. D, E, F, and G ..........................................................................................	291

4 ATmega8(L)

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	ATmega8(L)
Datasheet Change Log for ATmega8.............................................	292
Changes from Rev. 2486K-08/03 to Rev. 2486L-10/03....................................	292
Changes from Rev. 2486K-08/03 to Rev. 2486L-10/03....................................	292
Changes from Rev. 2486J-02/03 to Rev. 2486K-08/03....................................	292
Changes from Rev. 2486I-12/02 to Rev. 2486J-02/03 .....................................	292
Changes from Rev. 2486H-09/02 to Rev. 2486I-12/02 ....................................	293
Changes from Rev. 2486G-09/02 to Rev. 2486H-09/02...................................	293
Changes from Rev. 2486F-07/02 to Rev. 2486G-09/02 ...................................	294
Changes from Rev. 2486E-06/02 to Rev. 2486F-07/02 ...................................	294
Changes from Rev. 2486D-03/02 to Rev. 2486E-06/02 ...................................	294
Changes from Rev. 2486C-03/02 to Rev. 2486D-03/02...................................	294
Changes from Rev. 2486B-12/01 to Rev. 2486C-03/02 ...................................	295
Table of Contents ................................................................................	1

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2486M–AVR–12/03