Unit 11 (23). Search and rescue

Grammar:

1. The Subjective Infinitive Construction § 57

2. The Absolute Participle Construction § 54

3. Modal Verbs § 27

A. 1. Translate the following international words: agency [¢eidʒənsi], enthusiast [in′ju:ziæst], police [pə′li:s], tornado [tɔ:′neidou], stabilize [¢steibilaiz]

A. 2. Learn new words

attack нападение autism аутизм cave пещера worth стоящий disease болезнь dog собака goal цель horse лошадь hunter охотник marine морской rope веревка ski лыжи skier лыжник	and so on и так далее climber альпинист coast побережье conduct проводить dementia слабоумие handler держатель hiker путешественник injured раненый multi- много-, мульти- patrol дозор, патруль pound фунт (453,6 г) responder ответчик waterway водный путь				care забота, уход; заботиться definition определение deployment развертывание extricate выводить, разрешать fast быстрый; крепкий hydraulic гидравлический military военный, воинский miss обнаружить отсутствие mountainous гористый saving спасение, экономия squad команда, бригада suburban пригородный tool инструмент, станок
urban городской worth стоящий	coordinate [kou′ɔdineit] координировать, согласовывать self-sufficient независимый в экономическом отношении
helicopter вертолет utilize использовать		inland внутренняя часть страны, удаленный от моря minimize преуменьшать, доводить до минимума
responsive ответственный storm буря, гроза, ураган traditionally по традиции			distress несчастье, беда, горе, бедствие, нужда recovery выздоровление, восстановление survivor уцелевший, оставшийся в живых
cache тайник, запас провианта entrapment обман, запутывание force сила; заставлять, принуждать increasingly все больше и больше rugged неровный, шероховатый terrain местность, территория utility полезность, выгодность wander бродить, странствовать weigh [wei] взвешивать, весить wreck рухнуть, вызвать крушение				confine ограничивать, придерживаться defense оборона, защита, укрепление extreme крайняя степень, крайность facilities оборудование, возможности imminent грозящий, надвигающийся initial начальный, первоначальный remove удалять, передвигать, убирать retrieve восстановить, вернуть себе take place иметь место, происходить wilderness дикая местность, пустыня

guard охрана; охранять, сторожить, предохранять, защищать

undergo - underwent - undergone испытывать, подвергаться, претерпевать

A. 3. Read and translate the following groups of derivatives

provide – provision, operate - operation, consider - consideration, define - definition, organization – organize, minimum - minimize, stable - stabilize, injure – injured – injury, recover - recovery, deliver - delivery, require - requirement, evident – evidence, perform - performance, depend – dependent - dependence - independent - independence, weigh – weight, save - saving, wild - wilderness, hike – hiker, climb - climber, ski - skier, hunt – hunter, survive - survivor, respond - responder – responsive - response, search – to search, rescue – to rescue - rescuer, aid – to aid, support - to support, care – to care, force – to force, use – to use, indoor - outdoor, land - inland, mostly - mostly, general – generally, total - totally

A. 4. Translate the following word combinations:

provision of aid, imminent danger, wilderness zones, urban and suburban areas, wandering behavior, undergo ongoing training, collapsed buildings, industrial entrapments, involve citizens, human-caused disasters, emergency medical services, structural collapse, broken natural gas lines, extreme weather, combat search and rescue, fast water rescue, ski patrol rescue, vehicle rescue, available personnel, first aid, require a high degree of training, ambulance services, persons in distress, a place of safety, take place on mountainous terrain, miss people, rescue injured hikers, body recoveries, disaster response, task forces, equipment cache, emergency medical care, trapped victims, find survivors, hazardous materials, the goal of a search, the shortest amount of time, minimize the risk to the rescuers,

comprise responsive operations, the saving of life, hydraulic cutting and spreading tools, wrecked vehicles, be supported by special vehicles

B. 1. Translate the sentences

1. The load being reapplied, the deflections were similar to those in the first test. 2. Iron and sulphur being ground together, a greenish-black powder is obtained. 3. The body being subjected to external loads, strains occur in it. 4. The column being the most important element in the building, a defect in one column may be the cause of failure. 5. A new method of construction was tried, better results being obtained. 6. The site becomes something like an assembly shop, the main part of the work being done at the factory. 7. By minerals we mean natural substances which occur in nature, each having definite physico-chemical properties.

B. 2. Translate the sentences

1. She is known to live in France. 2. The film festival was reported to take place in July this year. 3. He was thought to study here. 4. The church appeared to be made of wood. 5. The letter is unlikely to reach him in time. 6. For a long time special paper impregnated with paraffin was considered to be the main non-conductor used for manufacturing small capacitors. 7. My watch is likely to be five minutes fast. 8. He is sure to have been influenced by them. 9. Samples of semiconductors with improved properties are reported to be obtained on a new installation.

B. 3. Change the sentences according to the model

Other factors may affect the process. – The process may be affected by other factors.

I. We must destroy the structure of this molecule. 2. We must dilute the acid. 3. These conditions may affect the course of the reaction. 4. These organisms may accumulate energy. 5. We must treat this material. 6. We must regulate the temperature conditions. 7. We must determine the parameters. 8. We can completely change the plan. 9. We must measure the energy. 10. We can measure this angle.

C. 1. Read the text SEARCH AND RESCUE and answer the questions:

1. What does search and rescue involve?

2. What is the goal of a search and rescue operation in a disaster situation?

Search and rescue (SAR) is the search for and provision of aid to people who are in distress or imminent danger. Search and Rescue involves not only searching for missing people and rescuing injured hikers, climbers, skiers, hunters and other outdoor enthusiasts, but body recoveries, evidence searches and disaster response as well. The general field of search and rescue includes many sub-fields, mostly based upon terrain considerations. These include mountain rescue; ground search and rescue, including the use of search and rescue dogs; urban search and rescue in cities.

SAR task forces are expected to be totally self-sufficient for the first 72 hours of a deployment. The equipment cache used to support a task force can weigh more than 60,000 pounds and is worth more than $1.4 million US. USAR task forces can:

conduct physical search-and-rescue in collapsed buildings;

provide emergency medical care to trapped victims;

utilize search and rescue dogs to find survivors of the collapse;

assess and control utilities and hazardous materials;

evaluate and stabilize damaged structures.

In a disaster situation the goal of a search and rescue operation is to rescue the greatest number of people in the shortest amount of time, while minimizing the risk to the rescuers.

Rescue comprises responsive operations that usually involve the saving of life, or prevention of injury during an incident or dangerous situation. Tools used might include search dogs, search and rescue horses, helicoptersand other hydraulic cutting and spreading tools used to extricate individuals from wreckedvehicles. Rescue operations are sometimes supported by special vehicles such as fire department's or EMS heavy rescue vehicle.

Ropes and special devices can reach and remove individuals and animals from difficult locations including: air-sea rescue; cave rescue; combat search and rescue; confined space rescue; fast water rescue; ice rescue; mines rescue; rope rescue; search and rescue; ski patrol rescue; urban search and rescue; vehicle rescue; wilderness rescue.

Rescue operations require a high degree of training and are performed by rescue squads, either independent or part of larger organizations such as fire, police, military, first aid, or ambulance services. In the US, they are usually staffed by medically trained personnel.

There are many different definitions of search and rescue, depending on the agency involved.

Unites States Defense Department: A search is "an operation normally coordinated by a Rescue Coordination Center (RCC) using available personnel and facilities to locate persons in distress". And rescue is "an operation to retrieve persons in distress, provide for their initial medical or other needs, and deliver them to a place of safety.

Search and Rescue has a number of categories. Those categories and definitions include:

Mountain rescue relates to search and rescue operations specifically in rugged and mountainous terrain. Missions in this category may take place not only on mountainous terrain but also in forests and deserts, caves and canyons, on rivers and lakes, and so on.

Ground search and rescue is the search for persons who are lost or in distress on land or inland waterways. Traditionally associated with wilderness zones, ground search and rescue services are increasingly required in urban and suburban areas to locate persons Alzheimer’ disease, autism, dementia, or other conditions that lead to wandering behaviour. Some ground search teams also employ search and rescue dogs. Dogs and their handlers undergo extensive and ongoing training.

Marine Search & Rescue: In the U.S. these types of missions are often carried out by the Coast Guard.

Urban search and rescue (US&R) is the location and rescue of persons from collapsed buildings or other urban and industrial entrapments, involving citizens following earthquakes, storms, flooding and other natural and human-caused disasters. Due to the specialized nature of the work, most teams are multi-disciplinary and include personnel from police, fire and emergency medical services. Unlike traditional ground search and rescue workers, most US&R responders also have basic training in structural collapse and the dangers associated with live electrical wires, broken natural gas lines and other hazards. While earthquakes have traditionally been the cause of US&R operations, terrorist attacks and extreme weather such as tornadoes and hurricanes have also resulted in the deployment these resources.

D. 1. Prove the following statements:

USAR task forces can conduct physical search-and-rescue in collapsed buildings.

Rescue operations require a high degree of training.

B. 4. Translate the sentences

1. The weather being fine, they went for a walk. 2. A site for the construction having been chosen, the work started. 3. New technological processes having been developed, new types of equipment have been installed in the shop. 4. The new equipment having been installed, the plant could raise its output. 5. Building industry has been modernized, much being done to expand the production of cement. 6. Some new devices having been obtained, the researchers could make more complex experiments. 7. The goods having been unloaded, the workers left the port.

B. 5. Translate the sentences

1. Clock in railway stations should be accurate. 2. In many cases one liquid can be mixed completely with another. 3. The town of the future should be convenient, beautiful and well planned. 4. It is to be noted that occupational safety is of great importance. 5. The town must be sited in a healthy position and it must not pollute its own atmosphere. 6. You can start painting the facade. 7. We had to use some lorries to transport sand to the site. 8. They had to make observations again. 9. You are to have an English test next week. 10. Environmental factors may contribute to unintentional injury events.

B. 6. Translate the following sentences

1. Our engineers discussed the complex problems to be solved by computers. 2. It is quite necessary for the programmer to understand the work of all units of computer. 3. It is necessary for you to be at the conference. 4. To do the program for a computer is the main duty of a programmer. 5. The experiments to be carried out will be very important. 6. M.V. Lomonosov was the first in Russia to be the professor of the university. 7. There is a good reason for us to use this kind of memory in a personal computer. 8. Will it be convenient for you to start work tomorrow? 9. The scientist is expected to be invited to the conference on the problems of engineering safety.

C. 2. Translate the text USAR operations and then discuss it with your partner: “Search and Rescue (SAR) objectives”

The National Search and Rescue Plan updated and signed by participating parties, including NASA in 2007, states that "NASA will support Search and Rescue (SAR) objectives through research and development or application of technology to search, rescue, survival, and recovery systems and equipment, such as location tracking systems, transmitters, receivers, and antennas capable of locating aircraft, ships, spacecraft, or individuals in potential or actual distress."

Three phases in USAR operations are:

gather facts and make decisions on the course of action. For example, what types of structures are involved, the extent of damage, the layout of the building(s) involved, what hazards are present (such as downed power lines, natural gas leaks, flooding, animals, hazardous materials, or a structure susceptible to additional collapse during the rescue), and what rescue personnel and equipment are available;

structural damage can be categorized as light, moderate, or heavy;

sizeup is an ongoing process which should continue during all phases of search and rescue so operations can be modified as needed.

C. 3. Translate the text and find answer to the question:

How can victims be removed?

In situations where multiple structures are searched such as after a hurricane, the outside of buildings can be marked using the FEMA or INSARAG marking systems to indicate buildings which have already been searched, the results of the search, and to avoid duplication of search efforts.

Trapped victims are removed and medical aid rendered as necessary. The triage system can be used to prioritize medical aid with those needing immediate attention aided first. Removal or stabilization of debris is often necessary to remove victims. This can be accomplished using leveraging to lift the object, or cribbing (constructing a rectangular wooden framework known as a box crib underneath the object to be stabilized). Victims who are ambulatory can then self-extricate, or victims can be removed using lifts, drags, or carries.

Removal of victims should be done so as to avoid any further injury: Where any neck or back injury is suspected, the cervical spine should be immobilized first before attempting to move victims, and dragging should be avoided in situations where the presence of debris (e.g., broken glass) would cause further injury by doing so.

С. 4. Read the text using a dictionary

Searchers should use a buddy system or two-in, two-out system and have backup teams available. Techniques for searching for potential victims are based on identifying possible locations of victims, or areas of entrapment. Areas of entrapment inside damaged structures are called voids. There are several types of voids, such as the pancake void, and the lean-to void. Voids can also include spaces where victims may have entered for self-protection during a disaster - such as under desks or in bathtubs or closets. Once the potential areas of entrapment have been identified and the potential number of victims sized up, search operations should commence in an orderly manner, beginning with verbally calling out for victims to identify their location if possible, and searching using a systematic search pattern. Possible search patterns include triangulation (using three searchers approaching a potential area of entrapment from three different directions), a right / left search pattern (one team searches the left side and one team the right side of a building), or a bottom-up / top-down search pattern. Searchers should stop frequently to listen for noises or attempted communication from victims; often this can involve all searchers stopping activity at specified periods of time to listen.

E. 1. Put the verbs into the correct form

1. They (work) at this problem last year. 2. He (think) about emigrating to Canada. 3. She (know) the geography well. 4. My sister (become) a doctor. 5. He (do) a certain job at the lab. 6. We (build) this bridge two years ago. 7. What you (do) now? 8. The scientist (write) an article not long ago. 9. They (find) a solution to this problem. 10. He (get) higher education at Chita State University. 11. He (be) never to England. 12. They (come) just. 13. He (published) already this article.