Unit 10 (24). Bases of the survival of rescuers in extreme conditions

A. 1. Translate the following international words: compass [′k∧mpəs], astronomy [əs¢trɔnəmi], barrier [¢bæriə], evacuation [i,vækju′eiən], battery [΄bætəri], moral ['mɔrəl], effectiveness [i'fektivnis], navigation [,nævi′geiən]

A. 2. Learn new words

bark кора boat лодка clothes одежда colour цвет foil фольга getting добыча height высота knife нож recipe рецепт takeoff взлет wing крыло	caterpillar гусеница confidence доверие fishing рыбная ловля hunt охотиться light фонарь, фара look for искать mirror зеркало quick быстрый signal сигнал, знак stable устойчивый strip лента, полоска				ammunition боеприпасы bring up воспитывать cartridge патрон, заряд cook готовить, стряпать daylight дневной свет fabric ткань, материя fuel топливо, горючее mutual взаимный, общий rock качаться, трястись tablet таблетка, блокнот whistle свисток, свист
proceed продолжать self-help самопомощь		item пункт, отдельный предмет (в списке); параграф orient определять местонахождение, ориентировать
accessories принадлежности dense плотный, густой flash сверкать, вспыхивать medicine медицина, лекарство unfavorable неблагоприятный			crossing перекресток, пешеходный переход direction направление, управление, указание improvise наскоро устроить, импровизировать sure несомненный, надежный, уверенный tread – trod - trodden давить, протаптывать
facilitate облегчать, продвигать feet pl. от foot фут = (30,48 см) firearms огнестрельное оружие kit комплект, набор, снаряжение landing посадка, место посадки message сообщение, поручение overhead воздушный, надземный reliability надежность, прочность				expedient целесообразный, подходящий familiar хорошо знакомый, привычный flare вспышка, сигнальная ракета indicate показывать, указывать, означать pilot летчик, пилот; вести, управлять preparation приготовление, подготовка shelter убежище, укрытие, укрывать unable неспособный, не в состоянии

A. 3. Read and translate the following groups of derivatives

dry – to dry, rock – to rock, pilot – to pilot, use – to use - useful, base – to base - basis, fish – fishing, cross – to cross - crossing, get - getting, land - landing, medicine – medical, supply – to supply, survive – survivor – survival, rescue - rescuer, save - saving, equip – equipment, effective – effectiveness, vary - various, probable - probably, high - height, protect - protection, communicate - communication, prepare - preparation, add – additional - addition, favorable – unfavorable, possible - impossible

A. 4. Translate the following word combinations: rescue workers, necessary items, the signal mirror, dry fuel tablets, emergency medical kit, various environmental conditions, business qualities, reliability of saving equipment, survival basis, deep knowledge, the main objectives, the necessary amount, mutual aid, means of protection, unfavorable environmental factors, communication and signal means, additional rescue forces, emergency rescue boats, site preparation, the landing of helicopters, the disaster area, receive messages, to facilitate the search, attract attention, aircraft’s wings, during daylight, the aircraft’s landing lights or navigation lights, ground-to-air emergency codes, be trodden on snow, use strips of fabric, pieces of wood, available material, the surrounding terrain

B. 1. Translate the sentences

1. The evolution of construction so as to build more rapidly involves a very large number of changes of technique. 2. It is an easy matter to make the complete house in the factory, but it is not easy, in fact it is practically impossible to transport it to the site. 3. They made a lot of efforts to restore this valuable building. 4. The main task of this article was to show the results of research work. 5. The instrument is not likely to be damaged, if all rules are followed. 6. Devices for accepting information are said to have been described in some magazines. 7. Our programmers are known to be studying the theory of programming. 8. In ancient times the sun was thought to be revolving round the Earth. 9. These chemical changes prove to have been caused by heat. 10. Gagarin is known to be the first cosmonaut who made an orbital flight around the Earth.

B. 2. Translate the sentences paying attention to Participle

1. A person beginning the experiment should be careful. 2. While constructing the dam they used new building materials. 3. The tall Ostankino TV tower contains a revolving restaurant and an observation platform. 4. Reading this article you'll receive a lot of important information. 5. The plant producing complex machinery is going to make computers. 6. While burning different substances combine with oxygen. 7. They were looking at the children playing in the garden.

B. 3. Translate the sentences

1. It would be interesting to read the book in the original. 2. Had the laboratory test been successful, the new cement would have been used for making concrete. 3. He suggested that these parts be tested (should be tested) under very severe conditions. 4. If the gathered data had been presented in time the results of the experiment would have been different. 5. We should have used this material in our construction provided we had tested it. 6. If there were no atmosphere, there would be no clouds, no rain. 7. They would complete the experiment if they obtained the nеcеssагу equipment. 8. Were the properties of these building materials known, we could finish our experiment in time. 9. It is desirable that this method should be tested in practice.

C. 1. Read the text BASES OF THE SURVIVAL OF RESCUERS IN EXTREME CONDITIONS and answer the questions:

1. What necessary items should rescuers have going to search - rescue efforts?

2. Why is it expedient to use the international ground-to-air emergency codes in order to facilitate the search?

Going to search - rescue efforts, rescuers (rescue workers) should have a set of necessary items that might be useful: the signal mirror; hunting match or dry fuel tablets; whistle; a large knife; a compass, a piece of a dense foil and polyethylene, fishing accessories, alarm cartridges, emergency medical kit, water and food supply.

The purpose of training of rescuers on a survival is to form stable skills in action in various environmental conditions and to bring up high moral and business qualities, confidence, reliability of saving equipment and gear, the effectiveness of search and rescue provision.

Survival basis is deep knowledge in various areas, from astronomy and medicine to cooking recipes made of caterpillars and tree bark.

The main objectives of training rescuers on survival is to give the necessary amount of theoretical knowledge and practical skills in:

- terrain orienting in various physical and geographical conditions;

- provision of self-help and mutual aid;

- construction of temporary shelters and use of improvised means of protection from exposure to unfavorable environmental factors;

- food and water getting;

- use of communication and signal means to attract additional rescue forces and means to the search and rescue area;

- organization of crossings through water barriers and swamps;

- use of emergency rescue boats;

- site preparation for the landing of helicopters;

- evacuation of victims from the disaster area.

A radio is probably the surest and quickest way to let others know where you are and to let you receive their messages. Become familiar with the radios in your unit. Learn how to operate them and how to send and receive messages.

In order to facilitate the search it is expedient to use the international ground-to-air emergency codes (see Fig. 1). These signals are used by survivors to indicate messages to the rescue teams looking for them from the air. These symbols can be made on the ground or trodden on snow by using strips of fabric, clothes, pieces of wood, stones or any other available material or they should be made by people who have to lie on the ground, snow, ice.

You must be sure that the symbols are large enough to be seen by an aircraft flying overhead. You must try to make as big a color contrast as possible between your symbol(s) and the surrounding terrain. Symbols should be at least 8 feet (3 m) in height or longer. In addition, you should use any means possible to try and attract an aircraft's attention: radio, flames, smoke, flares etc.

The pilot will respond if the signal is understood by rocking the aircraft’s wings from side to side during daylight or flashing the aircraft’s landing lights or navigation lights ON and OFF.

D. 1. Prove or disaprove with the following statements

The main objectives of training rescuers on survival is to give the necessary amount of theoretical knowledge and practical skills.

These signals are used by survivors to indicate messages to the rescue teams looking for them from the air.

B. 4. Translate the sentences

1. Some trees were planted around the school. 2. The engineer’s measurement and calculations can be relied upon. 3. This problem will be dealt with in number of articles. 4. The following recommendations are made based on current experience. 5. These early tests followed the procedures used by the researchers. 6. The original design of the round conveyor was already referred to in some journals. 7. The chemical properties of chromium are greatly affected by the carbon content. 8. It is of interest to notice the results obtained on metal which has been deformed by various processes. 9. These data will be referred to in the next article.