1. 3. Read and translate the following groups of derivatives

result – to result, release – to release, attempt – to attempt, cause - to cause, collapse – to collapse, damage - to damage, leak – to leak, concern - to concern, record - to record, increase - to increase, sudden – suddenly, slightl - lightly, previous – previously, approximate - approximately, main – mainly, power - powerful, doubt - doubtful, use - useful, danger - dangerous, destruct - destruction - destructive, populated - unpopulated, possible - impossible - possibility, responsible - responsibility, predict - predictability, develop - development, displace - displacement, improve - improvement, equip - equipment, announce - announcement, build - building, warn - warning , explode - explosion, apply - application

1. 4. Translate the following word combinations:

a sudden release of energy, the Earth’s crust, create seismic waves, great pressures, to rub against each other, rock layers, due to earthquakes, measure the magnitude, rate earth tremors, represent an increase of the energy, according to this scale, cause damage, cause movement, be considered very severe, property damage, happen under the ocean, unpopulated areas, displace rocks, a moderate or a powerful earthquake, occur yearly, responsible for damage, falling buildings, flying glass, fallen elec­trical wires, broken gas lines, a gas line leak, improve the predictability, by means of laser beam, to predict an earthquake, alarm systems, warning procedures , false announcements, ignore le­gitimate attempts, the protection of citizens, prevent building collapse, absorb the shocks, to withstand earthquakes, the majority of modern structures, be seriously damaged

B. 1. Translate the sentences

1. She showed us the list of the books published. 2. They studied the shape and the size of meteorites found in taiga. 3. The figures mentioned in his report were published in the latest scientific journals. 4. A defect undetected caused an accident. 5. The engine tested showed that it needed no further improvement. 6. Devices indicated reduced pressure. 7. The radar used was of a completely new design. 8. The subjects studied in the first two years are very important for future engineers. 9. The houses in ancient Egypt were built of bricks dried in the sun. 10. Organizations with a positive safety culture are characterized by communications founded on mutual trust. 11. The word ergonomics coined from the Greek was first used in 1949.

B. 2. Translate the sentences paying attention to the underlined words

1. It is doubtful whether the construction of the pyramids of Egypt could be made without the existence of roads. 2. In making tunnels it is most necessary to know the character of the rock, especially whether hard or soft. 3. The professor asked the student whether he knew the properties of several building materials. 4. We determine whether the material is good for building purposes judging by its qualities. 5. A greater speed in housing construction will be achieved, provided building materials are changed into units of assembly. 6. A water supply system has provided the city of ancient Rome with water in the year 512 before our era.

B. 3. Translate the sentences paying attention to SINCE

1. I cannot join the event since I will attend a training course tomorrow night. 2. We still use alcohol in modern thermometers, since its expansion is greater than the expansion of mercury. 3. The phenomena of nature are of great importance since weather is one of the chief elements in man's life. 4. Since ancient times people studied nature and natural phenomena. 5. Since there is so much water, some people think that it is of little value or interest.

C. 1. Read the text Earthquakes and answer the questions:

1. What is an earthquake?

2. Where does the greatest danger of an earthquake come from?

An earthquake is the result of a sudden release of energy in the Earth’s crust that creates seismic waves. An earthquake is the result of great pressures brought about as slabs of the earth's crust rub against each other. These pressures are exerted as the earth moves ever so slightly. When these pressures become greater than the rock layers can endure, a snapping and shifting movement results. Throughout human history, hundreds of thousands of people have lost their lives due to earthquakes. The movement of the ground during a quake is mea­sured by a seismograph.

In 1935, American seismologist Charles Richter developed a scale that measures the magnitude of seismic waves. Called the Richter scale, it rates earth tremors on a scale from 1 to 9, with 9 being the most powerful and each number representing an increase of ten times the energy over the previous number. According to this scale, any quake that is higher than 4.5 can cause damage to stone buildings; quakes rated a magnitude of 7 and above are considered very severe. They have potential for causing much injury, death, and property damage.

Most earthquakes are not even noticed by the general public, since they happen either under the ocean or in unpopulated areas. Some earthquakes are too small to be felt but can cause movement of the earth, opening up holes and displacing rocks. Shock waves from a very powerful earthquake can trigger smaller quakes hundreds of miles away from the epicenter. Moderate earthquakes (5.0-5.9) happen more than twice daily. Approximately 1,000 earthquakes measuring 5.0 and above occur yearly. Major earthquakes (7.0-7.9) occur about 18 times a year. Sometimes an earthquake under the ocean can be so severe, it will cause a tsunami, responsible for far greater damage.

The greatest danger of an earthquake comes from falling buildings and structures and flying glass, stones and other objects. Another concern is the matter of fallen elec­trical wires, broken gas lines and water pipes. The gas leaking from broken lines can ignite and explode, causing extensive damage and triggering destructive fires. Following an earthquake, water should be shut off if lines have been damaged or broken; the same applies to the main gas valve. Windows in a structure should be opened if there is any possibility of a gas line leak.

Scientific research has improved the predictability of possible earthquakes. Several systems are used to predict the onset of an earth­quake, such as counting the microquakes and recording their buildup over a period of time. By means of laser beam, light-wave movement in the earth's crust of as little as twenty trillionths of an inch can be recorded.

In spite of extensive research and sophisticated equipment, it is impossible to predict an earthquake, although experts can estimate the likelihood of an earthquake occurring in a particular region.

Alarm systems have been developed in parts of the country where earthquakes are most likely to occur to notify people that conditions are present for such an emergency. These early earthquake warning procedures are useful. Yet, in order for them to be most effective, they must be accurate. False announcements will lead people to ignore le­gitimate attempts at early earthquake warning.

It is doubtful if measures can be developed to protect everyone from the destruction accompanying major quakes. However, it is im­portant to know and practice effective measures for the protection of citizens. Homes and office buildings can be designed and con­structed to prevent building collapse during an earthquake. For example, steel reinforced concrete slabs under buildings provide a foundation that can absorb the shocks of an earthquake. The use of anchor bolts helps to secure the building to this foundation. Buildings constructed of structural steel and reinforced concrete tend to withstand earthquakes quite well. The value of constructing buildings with earth­quake protection in mind was demonstrated in the 1989 San Francisco quake when the majority of modern structures in that area were not seriously damaged.

D. 1. Comment on the following:

1. Most earthquakes are not even noticed by the general public.

2. It is doubtful if measures can be developed to protect everyone from the destruction accompanying major quakes.

3. Scientific research has improved the predictability of possible earthquakes.

B. 4. Translate the sentences

1. Whether the house is ugly or beautiful depends on how much the architect is an artist. 2. It is important to know well the nature of the country - whether flat or hilly when building a road. 3. It is doubtful whether many of us realize the amazing range of the properties of this material. 4. The electrical properties of germanium may be changed provided the latter is exposed to light. 5. Two hundred years ago only a few houses were provided with river water. 6. Tungsten is valuable because of the several important properties it possesses. 7. Because he had never been there before he enjoyed visiting these famous cities.

B. 5. Translate the sentences

1. The information obtained is of great interest. 2. They discussed the information given to them yesterday. 3. When reconstructed the building became suitable for living. 4. The results achieved varied with the materials used. 5. When required this information will be used in our practical work. 6. When asked this question he couldn't answer it at once. 7. Nylon was the first synthetic fibre used in clothing. 8. The new methods applied in the building of houses were most effective. 9. That water boils, when sufficiently heated, is common knowledge. 10. Pollution can be gradually reduced in several ways.

B. 6. Translate the sentences

1. Since the appearance of air planes weather conditions have played a very important role in aviation. 2. Since the atomic structure became known, many chemical processes were understood. 3. Since helium is an inactive gas, it will neither burn nor explode. 4. Since an atom is electrically neutral, it must have an equal number of positive and negative charges. 5. Almost 300 years have passed since Newton’s laws were discovered. 6. The analysis was exact, since it wаs made by an expert.

E. 1. Insert as, since, because, therefore, until

1. ... my brother is a pilot, he hopes to travel in space. 2. It is difficult to understand you ... you speak very fast. 3. The exercise is easy, ... it won't take much time to do it. 4. We can't eat dinner at a restaurant ... it costs a lot of money. 5. There is no contrast in these buildings ... they are alike in size and material. 6. ... his father was a painter, he got a good training in art. 7. ... Igarka lies in the North its climate is very severe. 8. You are weak in Maths, ... you must work hard to pass the exam. 9. Wait here … I come. 10. It's very cold outside, ... you must shut the window. 11. … I live far from the University I get there by bus.

C. 2. Translate the text Seismic activity and then discuss it with your partner

An earthquake is a tremor of the earth's surface usually triggered by the release of underground stress along fault lines. This release causes movement in masses of rock and resulting shock waves.

The seismic activity of an area refers to the frequency, type and size of earthquakes experienced over a period of time. Earthquakes are measured using observations from seismometers. At the Earth's surface, earthquakes manifest themselves by shaking and sometimes displacement of the ground. When the epicenter of a large earthquake is located offshore, the seabed may be displaced sufficiently to cause a tsunami. Earthquakes can also trigger landslides, and occasionally volcanic activity.

In its most general sense, the word earthquake is used to describe any seismic event — whether natural or caused by humans — that generates seismic waves. Earthquakes are caused mostly by rupture of geological faults, but also by other events such as volcanic activity, landslides, mine blasts, and nuclear tests. An earthquake's point of initial rupture is called its focus or hypocenter. The epicenter is the point at ground level directly above the hypocenter.

C. 3. Read the text Tectonic earthquakes using a dictionary

Tectonic earthquakes occur anywhere in the earth where there is sufficient stored elastic strain energy to drive fracture propagation along a fault plane. The sides of a fault move past each other smoothly only if there are no irregularities or asperities along the fault surface that increase the frictional resistance. Most fault surfaces do have such asperities and this leads to a form of stick-slip behaviour. Once the fault has locked, continued relative motion between the plates leads to increasing stress and therefore, stored strain energy in the volume around the fault surface. This continues until the stress has risen sufficiently to break through the asperity, suddenly allowing sliding over the locked portion of the fault, releasing the stored energy. This energy is released as a combination of radiated elastic strain seismic waves, frictional heating of the fault surface, and cracking of the rock, thus causing an earthquake. This process of gradual build-up of strain and stress punctuated by occasional sudden earthquake failure is referred to as the elastic-rebound theory. It is estimated that only 10 percent or less of an earthquake's total energy is radiated as seismic energy. Most of the earthquake's energy is used to power the earthquake fracture growth or is converted into heat generated by friction. Therefore, earthquakes lower the Earth's available elastic potential energy and raise its temperature, though these changes are negligible compared to the conductive and convective flow of heat out from the Earth's deep interior.