2. 5. Translate the sentences

1. To transform water into steam is not a complex process. 2. To transform water into steam one must heat it. 3. One cannot transform water into steam without heating it. 4. The water to be transformed into steam must be heated. 5. The function of the device is to transform water into steam.6. We have to clean up our water. 7. To produce less garbage we should recycle and precycle materials. 8. The use of new technology should decrease the amount of coal to be burned by power plants. 9. To cut the amount of exhaust fumes we'll have to drive our cars less. 10. To know how a plant grows, you must study botany. 11. To improve soil fertility is one of the most important tasks of today. 12. The scientists discussed the method to be used in the experiment. 13. Many animals are known to feed on plants. 14. The scientist told the farmers about the conditions to be provided for better crops. 15. To cultivate the crop one must study its characteristics. 16. He was the last to leave the laboratory.

B. 5. Translate the sentences

1. It being dark, we switched on the light. 2. The rain having stopped, we could continue our way. 3. My father being very ill, I had to call a doctor. 4.The text wasn’t difficult, many words having been learnt before. 5. My friends living far, I seldom see them. 6. We had a good time during the holidays, the weather being fine all the time. 7. There being a lot of people in the hall, we couldn’t enter. 8. The signal given, the train started. 9. There are many long rivers in Russia, some of them being very long.

E. 1. Insert the missing words

1. The students (have, has) just translated the text. 2. I (have, has) seen this film. 3. He (have, has) read this book. 4. They (have, has) already spoken to the dean. 5. He (have, has) been to England. 6. My brother (have, has) written a letter. 7. We (have, has) listened to the dialogue. 8. Millions of species - animals, birds, fish have (for, since, yet, already) disappeared from our planet. 9. The students have (just, ever, for, never) translated the text. 10. Have you (just, ever, for, never) been to London? 11. She has (for, since, yet, already) repeated new words before the lesson. 12. I have (ever, for, never, since) heard this opera. 13. This chemist has (now, already, ever, for) published the results of his research. 14. He has (now, just, ever, for) done his exercises. 15. The scientist hasn’t completed the experiment (just, for, yet, never). 16. I have known him (for, since, yet, already) childhood.

E. 2. Choose the proper variant

1. He (am, is) singing a song. 2. Now we (is, are) finishing this work. 3. This work must (do, be done) at once. 4. He (works, work) hard at his French every day. 5. (Do, Does) she study at the Institute now? 6. (He, She, I) doesn’t like his job. 7. They (were shown, will be shown) a new film tomorrow. 8. Beta particles have a (smaller, the smallest) mass than alpha particles. 9. My friend translated this article (two days ago, in two days). 10. He (finishes, finished) school two years ago. 11. Which is (easier, the easiest) subject for you? 12. She (know, knows) the geography well. 13. My sister (have / has) had supper and (is / are) watching TV now. 14. Idon’tunderstand theword“class”.What(do / does)itmean?

C. 2. Translate the text and then discuss it with your partner

There is a set of internationally recognised distress signals known as the Ground-Air Visual Signal Code that can be used to convey simple messages to an overflying search aircraft where there is no other means of communication.

If in a noncombat situation, you need to find the largest available clear and flat area on the highest possible terrain. Use as obvious a signal as you can create. On the other hand, you will have to be more discreet in combat situations. You do not want to signal and attract the enemy. Pick an area that is visible from the air, but ensure there are hiding places nearby. Try to have a hill or other object between the signal site and the enemy to mask your signal from the enemy. Perform a thorough reconnaissance of the area to ensure there are no enemy forces nearby.

These signals are worthwhile remembering to indicate to a search aircraft that your party is in distress or, if the search aircraft cannot land close by, giving the pilot more information about the situation for relaying to a ground party or more suitable rescue aircraft that is making its way towards you.

You can use lights or flags to send an SOS - three dots, three dashes, three dots. The SOS is the internationally recognized distress signal in radio Morse code. A dot is a short, sharp pulse; a dash is a longer pulse. Keep repeating the signal.

С. 3. Read the text Survival skills using a dictionary

The order of which survival skills to focus on first are based on basic human needs and the particular hazardous circumstance you find yourself in. However, creating a shelter to protect yourself from the harsh conditions is usually your first and principal task. No matter whether you create a lean-to shelter or a poncho shelter – making sure you are safely out of the harsh weather condition should be your immediate focus. Next is water.

Getting clean drinking water is perhaps the second most critical element in surviving a life threatening situation. Water might be collected in several different ways. But however you find your water, it should be brought to a rolling boil to purify and make it drinkable via fire. That leads us to the next critical survival skill and that is knowing how to create fire.

Fire is an extremely useful tool for survival. From drying your clothing, purifying water and even aiding in the making of tools and keeping threatening animals or pesky insects at bay, fire is necessary for both warmth and protection. Fire will definitely make it more comfortable but a shelter is more important in most situations.

Your first aid kit should include bandages, antiseptic and ideally, you should have taken a first aid course and know the best ways to deal with heat stroke, snake or poisonous insect bites, abrasions and other injuries.

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