Unit 10 (21). Flooding

Grammar:

1. Participle § 51, 52

2. The functions of THAT § 35

A. 1. Translate the following international words: cyclone [′saikloun], epicenter [′episentə], commerce [′kɔm(ə:)s], directive [di'rektiv], tsunami [tsu:′nα:mi]

1. 2. Learn new words

bend изгиб cheap дешевый creek ручей moisture влага mud грязь, ил rainfall ливень rapidly быстро roar рев, шум sign знак union союз unless если не valley долина volume объем wave волна	along вдоль, по boundary граница breach проламывать covering покрытие debris обломки flooding затопление hurricane ураган just едва, совсем levee дамба, гать meander извилина motion движение seasonal сезонный shore опора, берег village деревня				basin бассейн, резервуар behind позади, сзади channel канал, пролив entire весь, целый, полный evidence данные, основание exten­sive обширный give way поддаться, уступить harmless безвредный inhabit населять, жить lengthy длинный, растянутый likelihood вероятность over над, в течение, за, через repeated повторный, частый stream поток, ручей
estimate оценка, оценивать		expanse пространство, протяжение, расширение
culvert водопроводная труба downstream вниз по течению flash flood ливневый паводок gully глубокий овраг, лощина inundate затоплять, наводнять			absorb поглощать, впитывать, всасывать appear казаться, по-видимому; появляться capitalize извлекать выгоду, капитализировать precipitation выпадение осадков, низвержение warning предупреждение, предостережение
bed русло, пласт, слой, залежь endanger подвергать опасности gain прибыль, выгода; увеличение move away удалять, отодвигать move down опускать, спускать neighborhood соседство, близость outside вне; наружный; внешний overland сухопутный, на суше path тропа, тропинка, дорожка submerge затоплять, погружаться sweep away уничтожать, сметать virtually фактически, в сущности weaken ослаблять, поддаваться				alike одинаковый, похожий, подобный capacity объем, емкость, вместимость earthen земной; земляной, глиняный escape утечка, выпуск, выход; избежать flood наводнение, половодье; наводнять lie – lay – lain лежать, простираться multiple многочисленный, составной quake = earthquake землетрясение rock горная порода, камень, скала set into motion привести в движение settlement оседание, осадка; поселение surrounding близлежащий, соседний time out of mind с незапамятных времен

overflow ['ouvəflou] разлив, наводнение; [,ouvə'flou] затоплять, разливаться

sustenance средства к существованию, пища, питание, поддержание

A. 3. Read and translate the following groups of derivatives

common - commonly, potential - potentially, rapid – rapidly, quick - quickly, usual - usually, gradual – gradually, entire - entirely, slow - slowly, particular - particularly, local - locality, possible - possibility, vary - various – variety, fatal – fatality, hazard - hazardous, season - seasonal, bend - to bend, change - to change, result - to result, impact - to impact, cause – to cause, place – to place, damage – to damage, concern – to concern, measure - to measure, threat - threaten, weak - weaken, occur – occurance, evident - evidence, significant - significance, define – definition, absorb - absorbtion, eliminate - elimination, reduce - reduction, cover – covering, warn – warning, lengthy - length, dangerous – danger – endanger, harm - harmless

A. 4. Translate the following word combinations: rise to hazardous levels, a variety of localities, an expanse of water, submerge land, result from the volume of water, within a body of water, break levees, usual boundaries, a large amount of rainfall, absorb all of the water, seasonal changes, a significant flood, escapes of water, endanger land areas, inhabited area, to impact a neighborhood, affect entire river basins, exceed the capacity of the river channel, to cause damage, eliminate flood damage, seek sustenance, continue to inhabit areas, develop slowly, without any visible signs of rain, carry rocks, mud and other debris, similar to flash floods, the pressure of water, of particular concern, in these circumstances, be harmless in dry weather, huge waves, large bodies of water, result in a tsunami, property damage, small streams and gullies, danger to human life

B. 1. Translate the sentences

1. The plant producing complex machinery is going to make computers. 2. While burning different substances combine with oxygen. 3. They were looking at the children playing in the garden. 4. Being occupied with his work he didn’t notice when we entered the room. 5. The text being interesting, we translated it with pleasure. 6. People coming to St. Petersburg admire its architectural ensembles. 7. Having come to Moscow he called his aunt Polly. 8. The key having been found, we could open the room. 9. Having found the work interesting, I decided to take part in it. 10. The letter having come too late, we could do nothing.

B. 2. Translate the sentences

1. The bridge being built across the river will connect two parts of the town. 2. Having been measured with inaccurate instruments the data were incorrect. 3. Having become familiar with the main laws of statics, we can study the laws of dynamics.4. The compound being treated for several hours turned dark red. 5. Metals being used in industry in the form of alloys have better properties than pure metals. 6. Having overcome the electrical bond, that holds the atoms together, the molecule breaks into fragments. 7. Having been heated the substance changed its properties.

B. 3. Translate the sentences paying attention to THAT

1. The qualities of the new material are better than those of the old one. 2. A hydraulic cement is one that is capable of hardening under the influence of water. 3. The density of a liquid air is only a little less than that of water. 4. That part of the atmosphere which is above 7 miles is called stratosphere. 5. Every substance is made up of particles so small that they cannot be seen even under a good microscope. 6. For very low temperature work gases are the only substances that can be used. 7. That water boils, when sufficiently heated, is common knowledge. 8. It is recommended that senior management responsible for safety in a works or factory make a systematic list of all regular inspections. 9. In designing a building one should take care that most comfortable living conditions are created.

C. 1. Read the text FLOODS and answer the questions:

1. When can floods occur?

2. What do floods cause?

Worldwide, flooding is the most common natural disaster. Flooding occurs when water rises to potentially hazardous levels, either rapidly or gradually. Floods are one of the most common hazards in the United States, where floods occur in a variety of localities. It is estimated that about 200 fatalities occur in the United States from flooding each year.

A flood is an overflow of an expanse of water that submerges land. The European Union (EU) Floods Directive defines a flood as a covering by water of land not normally covered by water. Flooding may result from the volume of water within a body of water, such as a river or lake, which overflows or breaks levees, with the result that some of the water escapes its usual boundaries.

Flooding may be the result of a large amount of rainfall or a snow melt when the ground cannot absorb all of the water. While the size of a lake or other body of water will vary with seasonal changes in precipitation and snow melt, it is not a significant flood unless such escapes of water endanger land areas used by man like a village, city or other inhabited area. Flood effects can be local, impacting a neighborhood or community, or very large, affecting entire river basins and multiple states.

Floods can also occur in rivers, when flow exceeds the capacity of the river channel, particularly at bends or meanders. Floods often cause damage to homes and businesses if they are placed in natural flood plains of rivers. While flood damage can be virtually eliminated by moving away from rivers and other bodies of water, since time out of mind, people have lived and worked by the water to seek sustenance and capitalize on the gains of cheap and easy travel and commerce by being near water. That humans continue to inhabit areas threatened by flood damage is evidence. The perceived value of living near the water exceeds the cost of repeated periodic flooding.

However, all floods are not alike. Some floods develop slowly, sometimes over a period of days. But flash floods can develop quickly, sometimes in just a few minutes and without any visible signs of rain. Flash floods often have a dangerous wall of roaring water that carries rocks, mud, and other debris and can sweep away most things in its path. Overland flooding occurs outside a defined river or stream, such as when a levee is breached, but still can be destructive. Flooding can also occur when a dam breaks, producing effects similar to flash floods: a wall of water moves down a valley inundating land, towns, roadways, and people in a very short period of time. Flooding also can occur downstream from dams. Often following heavy rain the pressure of water in a lake behind a dam becomes so great that the dam gives way. Of particular concern are earthen dams that can become weakened by a lengthy period of rainfall and moisture buildup in the ground. In these circumstances flooding can occur with little warning to the surrounding population. Even very small streams, gullies, creeks, culverts, dry streambeds, or low-lying ground that appear harmless in dry weather can flood.

There are other causes of dangerous flooding. Floods have different possible causes, such as heavy rainfall, hurricanes and cyclones. Earthquakes often set into motion huge waves over large bodies of water, creating exten­sive damage and flooding on the shore some distance away from the quake epicenter. This results in what is known as a tsunami.

In order to reduce the likelihood of human injury and property damage associated with flooding, it is important that community plan­ning measures be considered. People may need to be moved from low-lying regions along rivers and streams. The more settlement and construction of houses and other buildings in these localities, the greater the possibility of economic damage and potential danger to human life.

D. 1. Comment on the following statement:

1. Flooding may be the result of a large amount of rainfall or a snow melt.

2. Floods have different possible causes

B. 4. Translate the sentences with Participle I

1. While bombarding the upper layers of the atmosphere, cosmic rays reach the surface of the earth. 2. While absorbing the energy of cosmic rays the upper atmosphere becomes radioactive. 3. Buses are replacing the trams in cities. 4. During the experiment the temperature was changing gradually. 5. Measurements of solar radiation reaching the Earth each day make it possible to calculate the surface temperature of the Sun. 6. The substance affecting a magnetic field was metallic. 7. While constructing the dam they used new types of concrete.

B.5. Translate the sentences

1. Having discussed chemical reactions we proceeded to the experiments. 2. The experiment being made at our laboratory shows the action of catalysts. 3. Having been tested the computer system was installed at the plant. 4. The experiment being made at our laboratory shows the action of catalysts. 5. Having been used for a long time, the instrument partly lost its former efficiency. 6. Having obtained the necessary compound, we could finish our experiment. 7. Having determined the forces imposed upon the bridge the engineer must take into account the bearing capacity of stratum.

B. 6. Translate the sentences paying attention to THAT

1. That bridge foundations may be grouped into two principal classes is known to all bridge builders. 2. The mixture is identical with that mentioned above. 3. The chief engineer demanded that the mechanic should repair the equipment in the shortest time possible. 4. It is desirable that serious attention should be given to the architectural aspect of industrial building. 5. Mention should be made that robots are in wide use for performing welding and painting. 6. A hydraulic cement is one that is capable of hardening under the influence of water. 7. The density of a liquid air is only a little less than that of water. 8. It is known that the knowledge of general engineering subjects is the basis for the study of special subjects.

C. 2. Translate the text FLOODS and then discuss it with your partner

Some floods that take place in the United States are highly pre­dictable. Communities in the path of the oncoming flood can take mea­sures such as sandbagging buildings and homes to provide protection. It is not unusual during the spring of the year, as heavy snowmelt occurs along the upper regions of the Missouri and Mississippi rivers, for widespread flooding to occur. When a winter with a large accumulation of snow is followed by a rapid spring thaw or by heavy spring rains, flooding is to be expected.

It is the flash flood - precipitated by unusually heavy rainfall over a relatively short period of time - that causes the greatest amount of human injury and death. As the result of a sudden, heavy accumulation of water in a localized area, normal water tributaries overflow. When runoff systems overflow, water pours into areas from which it should be moving away. This type of flooding can catch a community by surprise, without adequate time to warn the citizens. Though flash floods can occur in many different localities, they tend to be particular risks in mountainous areas where quiet flowing streams and rivers suddenly become raging torrents as they move along narrow canyons.

In the case of an impending flood, farmers and other agricultural workers will need to make provisions for moving cattle and valuable farming equipment to higher ground. Cooperation and action by various community agencies will be required in order to minimize property damage and injury.

agricultural сельскохозяйственный

С. 3. Make a short report about “Fires” using the text below

A press conference with the Director of the Department of Territorial Policy Yuri Kovalyov has taken place today, May 30, at the National Emergency Management Center of EMERCOM of Russia (St. Vatutina, 1). Mr. Kovalyov told the reporters about the activities of EMERCOM territorial bodies during the spring floods in 2011.

“Floods in Russia have passed without any problems - began his speech to reporters the Director of the Department of Territorial Policy Yuri Kovalyov. This is due to the work carried out in areas to let the melted water without a single accident and prevent rising of water levels during the spring flood.

Of course, an important role in this played forecasting. Federal Service for Hydrometeorology and Environmental Monitoring (Rosgidromet) and All-Russian monitoring and forecasting center “Antistikhiya” of EMERCOM have prepared forecast of emergency situations risks during the spring flood of 2011, based of analysis of flood-making parameters.

According to this forecast, emergencies of regional level and higher, were projected on the territory of Sakha Republic (Yakutia), Krasnoyarsk Territory, Irkutsk, Arkhangelsk and Vologda regions and risks of emergency due to high water levels were projected in 41 subjects of the Russian Federation.

The greatest threat of getting into the flood zone was predicted in 942 settlements, 79 sections of federal roads, 310 sections of railways and 210 bridges. In 18 subjects of the Russian Federation 277 solid waste junks could get in the flood zone.

This forecast was brought to the Federal Districts of the Russian Federation, subjects of the Russian Federation and the territorial bodies of Russian Ministry of Emergency Situations, which allowed on-site planning of a complex of necessary preventive measures. The forecast was confirmed by 80%.

In order to generate joint action and coordination of forces and facilities of functional and territorial subsystems, to reduce material damage from spring floods, as well as not to allow any victims among the population in emergency situations caused by spring floods, meetings of committees for emergency situations and ensuring fire security in the Federal Districts and Subjects of the Russian Federation have taken place.

All-Russian всероссийский among среди, между

be due to быть вызванным, быть обусловленным forecast предсказание, прогноз; предсказывать

C. 4. Translate the text using a dictionary

A flood is an overflow of any amount of water that reaches land. Floods occur usually when the volume of water within a body of water, such as a river or lake, exceeds the total capacity of the formation, and as a result some of the water flows or sits outside of the normal perimeter of the body. However, floods may be secondary effects of earthquakes, if dams are damaged. Earthquakes may cause landslips to dam rivers, which collapse and cause floods.

Flooding has caused many casualties in the past, and will continue to do so in the future. Many countries have taken precautions before or after major flooding events, to prevent such events from occurring in the future.

The primary function of the Flood Warning Service Program is the provision of an effective flood forecasting and warning service in each Australian State / Territory. This service is provided in cooperation with other government agencies such as State/Territory emergency management agencies, water authorities and local Councils, coordinated through Flood Warning Consultative Committees and established cooperative working arrangements in each State / Territory.