Семенчук И.В., Деревлёва Н.В., Князева Ю.В. - Учимся читать рефераты научных медицинских статей на англ. яз.- НОВ

	фиксировать
29.report	сообщать
30.require	требовать
31.result in (Ant. result from)	приводить к чему-л. (ант. быть
	следствием)
32.review	рассматривать, анализировать;
	делать обзор
33.suggest	предполагать; говорить (о), означать

Упражнение 1. Замените выделенные глаголы их эквивалентами. Переведите предложения на русский язык

1.Acute osteomyelitis produces the symptoms that are often attributed to another process.

2.Most donors who were studied had an excellent quality of life.

3.In rare cases within the first weeks of therapy this drug can cause cholestatic jaundice (желтуха).

4.Heart disease was detected by clinical examination.

5.In adults the duration of colds was reduced by 8 %, and in children by 13 %.

6.Urinary symptoms were found in 34 % of the patients.

7.New methods have been developed to identify risk factors for coronary heart disease.

8.Blood enzymes activities were elevated.

9.The prophylactic effect of vitamine C on common cold duration was examined.

10.We reviewed 1597 autopsies (аутопсия – паталогоанатомическое или судебно-медицинское вскрытие трупа) which were performed between 2000 and 2010.

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Упражнение 2

А. Переведите следующие выражения на русский язык

To identify a heart disease; to establish the diagnosis; to establish the effectiveness of different methods; to confirm the diagnosis; to cause changes; to cause infarction; to identify reports about systolic hypertension in older persons; to identify a thyroid disorder; to receive antibiotics for acute bronchitis; to reduce antibiotics use; to affect the risk of stroke; to be associated with an increase in diuresis; to be associated with age; to result in considerable improvement; to result from infection.

В. Переведите предложения, обращая особое внимание на выделенные слова

1.Methimazole-induced cholestasis was diagnosed, and propranolol therapy was started.

2.In this case patients can discontinue methimazole therapy.

3.Over the following nine days the symptoms improved.

4.Asymptomatic brain infarcts were present in 145 persons (7.2 %).

5.Minimal changes were observed in all cell types.

6.We recorded all respiratory tract infections in 39 outpatients.

7.These data demonstrate no differences in the effectiveness of 4 different methods.

8.We investigated 44 patients on a gluten-free diet (treated patients).

9.The data suggest that living kidney donors have survival (выживаемость) different from that of nondonors.

10.These advances (достижения) resulted in the detection of unexpected, asymptomatic brain pathology.

11.The diagnostic criteria for pediatric pulmonary tuberculosis must be modified.

12.In developing countries data may differ from those described in the United States.

13.The diagnosis of duodenal ulcer (язвенной) disease must be confirmed by

radiologic study.

14. Appendectomy was performed in 399 patients.

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15.Thromboxane can favourably affect clinical conditions in patients with heart disease.

16.Physical signs associated with heart disease were analysed.

17.Previous studies have assessed relatively small numbers of donors.

18.We compared the results of mechanical and manual methods of treatment.

19.Jaundice found in patients with pancreatitis is usually due to hepatocellular injury.

20.We reviewed the medical records of 38 children with bronchial pneumonia

Запомните наиболее употребительные слова общего характера:

1.	abnormality	патология
2.	cause	причина
3.	complication	осложнение
4.	duration	продолжительность
5.	findings (Syn. data)	результаты, данные (исследования)
6.	follow-up	катамнез; последующее врачебное
		наблюдение
7.	frequency	частота
8.	general population	население в целом
9.	importance	важность
10. incidence (Syn. morbidity		заболеваемость, частота (заболеваний)
	rate)	лечение
11. management (Syn. treatment)
12. mean (Syn. average)		средний
13. onset		начало
14. overall evidence		совокупные данные
15. outcome		результат, исход
16. prevalence		распространенность (заболевания),
		встречаемость
17. prevention (Syn. prophylaxis)		предотвращение, профилактика

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18.	rate	скорость, частота, коэффициент
19. recovery		восстановление, выздоровление
20. report		сообщение
21. research (Syn. investigation,		исследование
	study)	ответ, реакция
22. response
23. review (Syn. survey)		обзор
24.	severe	резкий, сильный, тяжелый
25.	severity	тяжесть
26.	significantly	значительно, существенно; достоверно
27.	similar to	подобный, похожий

Упражнение 3. Переведите следующие выражения:

the overall evidence suggests that; the only found abnormality was; the outcomes of hospital management; the findings of the survey showed that; the radiologic study revealed stomach involvement; the expected response to the antibiotic; severe pain in the leg; the mean follow-up period was 10 years; to find the underlying cause of the disease; to calculate the glomerular filtration rate; secondary prevention; to establish the incidence of pneumonia in general population; the counted frequency of urination; to shorten the duration of colds; severe complications; to take vitamine C at onset of a cold; severity of disease; complication of asthma, neurological recovery; prevalence of asymptomatic brain infarcts; cause of inflammation.

Упражнение 4. Сформулируйте по-русски, каковы были цели исследований по следующим фрагментам предложений:

1.The objective was to assess the capacity (способность) of progestins to influence … .

2.The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effect of gluten on … .

3.We conducted a study to determine the prevalence of brain infarcts in patients with … .

4.Our purpose was to establish the incidence ofbronchopneumonia in patients …

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5.We conducted a study to investigate a possible association between… and … .

6.We evaluated the frequency of urinary tract infection in children with … .

7.This survey analyzed perceptions (мнения) of physicians, nurses, patients and relatives about effectiveness of … .

8.We evaluated the clinical and epidemiologic characteristics of children with …

9.We assessed the survival rate (коэффициент выживаемости) in kidney donors during … .

10.This review assessed the effects of antibiotic treatment for patients with … .

11.The objective of this study was to evaluate the epidemiology, management, and outcomes of children with … .

Упражнение 5. Переведите предложения на русский язык. Обратите внимание, на то, что слово whether вводит придаточное дополнительное предложение. Перевод придаточного дополнительного предложения следует начинать с перевода сказуемого, к которому следует добавить частицу ли

Образец: We investigated whether active yogurt bacteria improve human immunity.

Мы исследовали, повышают ли активные йогуртовые культуры иммунитет человека.

1.The purpose of this study was to reveal whether stress worsens the clinical symptomatology of the disease.

2.In this study, we investigated whether nitrate therapy affords protection against ischemic events.

3.The aim of this study was to determine whether certain patient characteristics could predict antibiotic use for acute bronchitis.

4.The aim of this study was to evaluate whether thromboxane inhibition can affect renal perfusion.

5.This study examined whether low-dose antibiotic therapy prevents urinary tract infection in children.

6.This study examined whether higher intakes (повышенное потребление) of milkand other calcium-rich foods during adult years can reduce therisk of

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osteoporotic fractures.

7.We investigated whether infection was a cause of sudden death in infancy (ранний детский возраст).

8.We investigated whether primary prevention of coronary heart disease might be more effective than secondary prevention.

Упражнение 6. Прочитайте рефераты медицинских статей. Обратите особое внимание на краткое описание проблем и целей исследований

А. RELATIONSHIP OF CHILDHOOD OBESITY TO CORONARY HEART DISEASE RISK FACTORS IN ADULTHOOD

David S. Freedman, Laura Kettel Khan, William H Dietz, and Gerald S. Berenson

PEDIATRICS, Vol. 108, No. 3, September 1, 2001, pp. 712-718

BACKGROUND Childhood obesity is related to adult levels of lipids, blood pressure, and insulin and to morbidity rate from coronaryheart disease (CHD).

OBJECTIVE To establish the importance of the age at whichobesity develops.

DESIGN We performed a prospective, observational study to assess the relationship of childhood body mass index (BMI, kg/m2) to adult levels of lipids, insulin, and blood pressure among2617 participants. All participants were initially examined at ages 2 to 17 years and were reexamined at ages 18 to 37 years; the mean follow-up period was 17 years.

RESULTS Of the overweight children, 77% remained obese as adults. Although obese adults had increased levels of lipids, insulin, and blood pressure, levels of theserisk factors did not vary with childhood weight or withthe age (≤8 years, 1217 years, or ≥18 years) of obesity onset.

CONCLUSIONS Additional data are needed to assess the independent relationship of childhood weight to CHD morbidity rate.

obesity – ожирение

relationship – взаимосвязь

body mass index – индекс массы тела

prospective, observational study – проспективное, обсервационное исследование

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В. DIETARY CALCIUM CONSUMPTION AND ITS RELATION WITH

STRESS SYMPTOMS OF ADOLESCENTS

Fatma Arpaci, et al

The Internet Journal of Nutrition and Wellness, 2007, Volume4, Issue 1

BACKGROUND There have been found some associations between nutritional and vitamin deficiencies and stress. But no study has been performed to examine the relation between stress symptoms and diet calcium.

OBJECTIVE To investigate dietary calcium consumption and its relation with stress symptoms of healthy adolescents.

METHOD A prospective, questionnaire survey investigated 88 volunteer university students. Nutrients taken during 1-day period were recorded and estimated. Calcium levels were calculated. A questionnaire containing 19 stress symptoms was applied.

RESULTS Dietary calcium level of 70.5 % of adolescents is low. Physiological and psychological stress symptoms in the adolescents having a normal level of calcium did not significantly change compared to those having a low level of calcium.

CONCLUSION It was found that stress symptom experience of adolescents was not affected by dietary calcium levels and that both the adolescents having a low level calcium and those having normal level calcium experienced stress symptoms.

аssociation – взаимосвязь

consumption – потребление

adolescent – подросток

questionnaire survey – анкетное исследование

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Выучите слова и выражения, наиболее часто употребляемые в

рефератах:

1.	bibliographical searches	библиографические исследования
2.	blind study	слепой метод исследования
3.	case-control study	исследование методом случай-
		контроль, исследование сходных
		случаев
4.	clinical trial	клиническoе испытание
		(исследование)
5.	cohort study	когортное исследование (группы
		людей)
6.	consecutive	отобранный произвольно
7.	control	представитель контрольной группы
8.	cross-sectional study	одномоментное поперечное
		исследование
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9. double-blinded study (double-	метод двойного слепого
blinded design)	исследования
10.follow-up study	катамнестическое исследование
	(изучение отдаленных результатов)
11.imaging study	визуализация (исследование с
	получением изображения)
12.individual	индивидуум, человек
13.logistic regression model	логистическая регрессионная модель
14.longitudinal analysis	продольный анализ
15.multicenter study	многоцентровое исследование
16.observational studies	обсервационные
	(неэкспериментальные) исследования
17.participant (Syn. subject, volunteer)	участник (клинического
	исследования)
18.placebo-controlled study	плацебо-контролируемое
	исследование
19.population (-based) study	демографическое исследование
20.prospective study	проспективное исследование
21.questionnaire survey	анкетное обследование,
	анкетирование
22.randomized study	рандомизированное исследование
	(безвыборочным методом)

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23.retrospective study	ретроспективное (историческое)
	исследование
24.sampling	выборочный метод; выборка
25.self report	самоотчет (методика оценки
	человеком самого себя)
26.score	показатель (обычно балльный), шкала
27.scoring method	метод измерения
28.screening	отборочное исследование; скрининг
29.variable	переменная (величина)

Упражнение 1. Найдите соответствие терминов и их определений, пользуясь словарем на странице 85:

1.	Одномоментное	A. Исследование изменений показателей во
поперечное		времени внутри определенной группы
исследование		участников
2.	Продольный анализ	B. Исследование, включающее однократно
		исследуемые группы
3.	Слепое исследование	С. B рамках этого исследования данные
		собираются путем простого наблюдения событий
4.	Двойное слепое	D. Исследование, при котором пациенты делятся
исследование		на 2 группы, одна получает исследуемое
		лекарство, а другой, контрольной группе, дается
		плацебо (нейтральное вещество в форме
		лекарственного средства)

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