Семенчук И.В., Деревлёва Н.В., Князева Ю.В. - Учимся читать рефераты научных медицинских статей на англ. яз.- НОВ

5.	Проспективное	Е. Исследование, при котором некоторые из
исследование		участников получают не изучаемое лекарство, а
		плацебо, но не догадываются об этом
6.	Ретроспективное	F. B данном исследовании не только пациенты,
исследование		но и медицинские работники, дающие
		пациентам лекарство, не знают, что дается –
		исследуемое лекарство или плацебо
7.	Обсервационное	G. Исследование, при котором пациенты
исследование		распределяются на группы вмешательства и
		контроля случайным образом
8.	Плацебо-	H. В данном исследовании изучаются результаты
контролируемое		проведенных ранее клинических исследований
исследование
9.	Рандомизированное	I. Исследование, в котором участники будут
исследование		получать исследуемое лекарственное средство,
		до того как наступят исходы

Упражнение 2. Переведите предложения на русский язык, обращая внимание на материалы и методы исследования

1.One hundred adult volunteers participated in this randomized prospective study.

2.We performed bibliographical searches of a surgical database.

3.We retrospectively reviewed the imaging studiesfrom the past 5 years of 38 children.

4.Incidence of disease was followed-up for a mean period of 10.5 years.

5.We reviewed 1597 consecutive autopsies of HIV-positive patients performed between 1984 and 2000.

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6.We performed a longitudinal analysis of antibody titers specific for viral antigens in 45 subjects for a period of up to 26 years.

7.We performed a search of English-language literature from 1966-2004 with particular attention to data from randomized clinical studies.

8.Scoring methods have been developed to identify coronary heart disease.

9.We developed a rule to rule out (исключить) coronary heart disease by means of a logistic regression model.

10.Fourteen patients were studied according to a randomized, double-blinded, cross-sectional design.

11.We performed a prospective, observational questionnaire survey in hospitalized patients with lower respiratory tract infections as part of a multicenter cohort study.

12.Two hundred healthcare workers were screened.

13.Ten patients had subclinical carditis on admission, six of whom were followed-up for five years.

14.Data were collected from a multicenter clinical cohort studies including 672 consecutive patients with chest pain.

15.We conducted a randomized, placebo-controlled, blinded study of 8 weeks of treatment with placebo, growth hormone or testosterone.

16.The purpose of this population-based, case-control study was to test (проверить) the hypothesis that long-term mobile phone use increases the risk of brain tumors.

17.Detailed information about mobile phone use was collected from 371 glioma and 273 meningioma cases and 674 controls.

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Выучите сокращения, которые часто встречаются в рефератах:

1.	vs	versus	против
2.	Ig	immunoglobulin	иммуноглобулин
3.	HIV	human immune deficiency	ВИЧ
		virus
4.	AIDS	acquired immune deficiency	СПИД
		syndrome
5.	CNS	central nervous system	центральная нервная
			система
6.	CT	computed tomography	компьютерная томография
7.	MRI	magnetic resonance imaging	магнитно-резонансная
			визуализация (томография)

Упражнение 3. Переведите предложения на русский язык, обратите внимание на используемые в них сокращения

1.The prevalence of HIV-related lesions in the four periods was respectively 54%, 32%, 18% and 15%; this reduction was statistically significant.

2.These neuropathological data confirm the effectiveness of antiretroviral treatment in reducing the frequency of HIV-related CNS lesions in AIDS patients.

3.СT, pathology and surgery reports were reviewed.

4.The results of our study show the ability of MRI to provide additional information useful for the management of patients in cases of pelvic abscess.

5.Urinary tract infection was present in 11% and was more commonly present in girls than in boys (33% vs 3%).

6.Blood eosinophil count and totalIgE and specific IgE were measured at 4 years of age.

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Упражнение 4. Прочитайте рефераты медицинских статей. Обратите особое внимание на материалы и методы исследования

А. RISK OF STROKE AND HORMONE REPLACEMENT THERAPY

Cairu Li, Gunnar Engstrom, Bo Hedblad

Maturitas, 2006, Vol. 54, Issue 1, pp. 11-18

THE PURPOSE of this study was to examine the risk of stroke in relation to use of hormone replacement therapy (HRT) among middle-aged and older Swedish women.

MATERIALS AND METHODS We performed a prospective cohort study of 16,906 women, 45–73 years old, from Malmö (Máльмё), Sweden. Women were considered as HRT users if they took systemic hormone therapy regularly. Incidence of stroke was followed up for a mean period of 10.5 years.

RESULTS In all, 2148 (12.7%) women used HRT. A total of 461 stroke cases occurred during follow-up, 48 of them in HRT users. Incidence of total stroke had no significant relation to HRT use. However, an increased risk of hemorrhagic stroke was found in women taking estrogen. Although not significantly, the risk of stroke was 33% lower in women who started their treatment before menopause. Among HRT users, the risk of stroke was associated with advancing age, smoking, excess body weight and hypertension.

CONCLUSIONS There is no significant association between hormone therapy and risk of total stroke in women during 10.5 years follow-up. Preparations of estrogen and time for initiation of treatment may affect the risk of stroke.

hormone replacement therapy – гормонозамещающая терапия

stroke – удар, инсульт

however – однако, тем не менее

В. THE EFFECTS OF GROWTH HORMONE ON BODY COMPOSITION

AND PHYSICAL PERFORMANCE INATHLETES

Nelson AE, Hansen JL, Clifford D

Annals of Internal Medicine, 2010, Vol. 152. Issue 9, pp. 568-577

BACKGROUND Growth hormone is widely used by athletes, frequently with androgenic steroids. Its effects on physical performance are unclear.

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OBJECTIVE To determine the effect of growth hormone alone or with testosterone on body composition and performance.

DESIGN Randomized, placebo-controlled, blinded study of 8 weeks of treatment followed by a 6-week washout period.

PARTICIPANTS 96 athletes (63 men and 33 women) with a mean age of 27.9 years.

MEASUREMENTS AND RESULTS Men received placebo, growth hormone, testosterone, or combined treatments. Women received either placebo or growth hormone. Body composition and physical performance variables were analysed.

Growth hormone significantly reduced fat mass, increased lean body mass, and increased body cell mass in men when coadministered with testosterone. Growth hormone significantly increased sprint capacity in men and women and when coadministered with testosterone to men; other performance measures did not significantly change.

CONCLUSION Growth hormone influenced body composition and increased sprint capacity when administered alone and in combination with testosterone.

physical performance – физическая работоспособность

washout period – период вымывания

sprint capacity – cкоростная способность

lean body mass – безжировая масса тела

coadministered – назначенный совместно (с)

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Выучите слова и выражения, наиболее часто употребляемые в

рефератах:

1.	be aware of	знать o
2.	beneficial	полезный, целебный
3.	change	изменение
4.	community-acquired disease	негоспитальное (внебольничное, бытовое)
		заболевание
5.	condition	заболевание
6.	correlation	корреляция, взаимодействие, взаимосвязь
7.	definite	определенный, точный, достоверный
8.	difference	разница, различие

9.efficiency (Syn. efficacy, эффективность effectiveness)

10.figure (Syn. number)	число
11.index	индекс, показатель, коэффициент

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12.intervention group	группа вмешательства (медицинского)
13.invasive procedure	инвазивная процедура
14.long-acting	пролонгированного (длительного) действия
15.long - life (Syn. long-term)	длительный, стойкий, долгосохраняющийся
16.morbidity	заболеваемость
17.mortality	смертность
18.pattern	образец, модель, картина
19.percentage	процент, процентное соотношение
20.persistent	устойчивый
21.predictive	прогностический, предсказывающий
22.probable	вероятный
23.recurrence	возврат, рецидив
24.resistant	устойчивый, резистентный; не
	поддающийся (лечению)
25.respectively	соответственно
26.reversible (Ant. irreversible)	обратимый ( ант. необратимый)
27.statistically significant	статистически значимый
28.survival	выживание, выживаемость
29.value	показатель, величина, значение

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Упражнение 1. Переведите предложения на русский язык, обратите внимание на перевод выделенных слов

1.Physicians should be aware of this adverse (нежелательном) effect so that they can avoid (избежать) unnecessary invasive procedures.

2.Cranberry (клюква) products were more effective for women with recurrent

urinary tract infections, than other groups.

3. This method provides a significant advantage (преимущество) in accurate prediction of values when compared to other methods.

4.It is the most common radiographic pattern of pneumococcal pneumonia in patients requiring hospitalization.

5.Honey (мёд) was found to be beneficial in the prevention of hepatic damage due to obstruction of the common bile duct.

6.Patients with definite or probable pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB) were significantly older than those without clinical PTB.

7.The survival of kidneys donors appears to be similar to that in the general population.

8.There was no significant correlation between B-cell numbers and antibody levels.

9.These data demonstrate no statistically significant differences in the efficiency

of the investigated methods of treatment.

10.Long-term antibody responses against tetanus (столбняк) and diphtheria waned (ослабевали) more quickly.

11.High severity and expected mortality and morbidity were the main causes why treating physicians believed that inpatient treatment was necessary.

12.The difference was persistent after adjustment for (согласования в отношении) age, sex, race, and parents’ education.

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13. Compared with controls, children in the intervention group had significant

changes in body mass index (intervention group vs control group changes: 18.38

to 18.67 kg/m2 vs 18.10 to18.81 kg/m2, respectively).

Упражнение 2. Прочитайте рефераты медицинских статей. Обратите особое внимание на результаты и выводы исследований

А. THE EFFECTS OF DAILY STRESS AND STRESSFUL LIFE EVENTS ON THE CLINICAL SYMPTOMATOLOGY OF PATIENTS WITH LUPUS ERYTHEMATOSUS

Maria I. Peralta-Ramírez, Juan Jiménez-Alonso, et al

Psychosomatic Medicine, September 1, 2004, Vol. 60, No. 5, pp. 788-794

OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to reveal whether stress worsens the clinical symptomatology perceived by patients with lupus erythematosus. We investigated two types of stressors-daily stress and high-intensity stressful life events.

DESIGN An observational prospective study.

METHODS In 46 patients with systemic lupus erythematosus and12 patients with chronic lupus discoid, we studied the stress they experienced daily for 6 months and their disease symptoms. The systemic lupus erythematosus activity and cumulative organ damage were also analyzed.

RESULTS We did not reveal that high-intensity stressful life events produced a worsening of the symptomatology of the disease. However, we found that a high percentage of lupus patients (74.1%) perceived a worsening in their clinical symptomatology due to the effectsof daily stress.

CONCLUSION Daily stress, and not stressful life events, worsened the clinical symptomatology perceived by lupus erythematosuspatients.

worsen – ухудшать

perceive – воспринимать

high-intensity stressfullife events – стрессовые жизненные события высокой интенсивности

lupus erythematosus – красная волчанка

lupus discoid – дисковидная красная волчанка

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В. TOBACCO USE BY MASSACHUSETTS PUBLIC COLLEGE STUDENTS: LONG TERM EFFECT OF THE MASSACHUSETTS TOBACCO CONTROL PROGRAM

N A Rigotti, S Regan, J Knight

Tobacco Control, June2002, Vol. 11

BACKGROUND Tobacco use is common among public college students.

OBJECTIVE To assess tobacco use among Massachusetts public college students and compare students who attended high school in Massachusetts and were exposed to the Massachusetts Tobacco Control Program (MTCP) with students who attended high school outside Massachusetts and were unexposed to the programme.

DESIGN Analysis of the 1999 Massachusetts College Alcohol Survey.

SUBJECTS 1252 randomly selected students.

MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Self report of current (past 30 day), past year, and lifetime use of cigarettes, cigars, and smokeless tobacco.

RESULTS One third of students had used a tobacco product in the past month and 46.4% had used tobacco in the past year. Current tobacco use was lower among public college students who had attended high school in Massachusetts compared with those who attended high school in another state (31.5% vs 42.6%). This difference was persistent after adjustment for age, sex, race, parents’ education, and students' college residence.

CONCLUSION Students who were exposed to the MTCP during high school are less likely to use tobacco than their peers who were not exposed to this programme. The MTCP may have reduced tobacco use among this group of young adults.

public college – муниципальный (государственный) университет

peers – ровесники

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