Семенчук И.В., Деревлёва Н.В., Князева Ю.В. - Учимся читать рефераты научных медицинских статей на англ. яз.- НОВ

Выучите слова и выражения, наиболее часто употребляемые в

рефератах:

1.	acute coronary event	острый коронарный приступ
2.	acute coronary syndrome	острый коронарный синдром
3.	admission diagnosis	диагноз при поступлении
4.	auscultatory evidence	аускультативные признаки
5.	baseline	исходный
6.	calcium channel blocker	блокатор кальциевых каналов, антагонист
		кальция

7. cardiovascular risks factors факторы риска сердечно-сосудистых заболеваний

8.	chest pain	боль в груди
9.	clinical presentation	клинические проявления, клиническая
		картина
10.coronary heart disease		ишемическая болезнь сердца, коронарная
		болезнь
		31

11.coronary heart disease score	шкала оценки риска коронарной болезни
	сердца
12.Doppler echocardiography	допплер-эхокардиография, допплеровская
	эхокардиография
13.Doppler imaging	допплеровская визуализация
14.evolution	развитие
15.exertion	(физическое) напряжение, усилие
16.hypertension	повышенное кровяное давление,
	гипертония
17.ischemic events (episodes)	ишемические события
18.mitral or aortic regurgitation	аортальная или митральная регургитация
	(перемещение содержимого полого органа
	в направлении, противоположном
	физиологическому, в результате
	сокращения его мышц), регургитация крови
	при недостаточности митрального или
	аортального клапана
19.myocardial infarction	инфаркт миокарда
20.persist	сохраняться
21.personal history	анамнез
22.predictor	показатель, прогностический фактор
23.rheumatic carditis	ревмокардит, ревматический кардит
24.rheumatic fever	ревматическая атака, острая ревматическая

32

	лихорадка
25.ST-segment elevation	инфаркт миокарда с подъемом сегмента ST
myocardialinfarction	на ЭКГ
26.subclinical disease	субклиническое (бессимптомное )
	заболевание
27.substernal chest pain	боли за грудиной и в области сердца
28.systolic hypertension	систолическая (артериальная) гипертензия
29.thiazide diuretics	тиазидный диуретик
30.transient	транзиторный, преходящий,
	кратковременный
31.valvar (valve) lesion	поражение клапана сердца

Упражнение 1. Переведите предложения на русский язык, обратите

внимание на перевод выделенных слов

1.In 41% of patients admission diagnosis was ST-segment elevation myocardialinfarction.

2.Chest pain raises concern (поднимает вопрос) for the possibility of coronary heart disease.

3.The coronary heart disease score was derived from some variables: age, gender, substernal chest pain location, cardiovascular risk factors, pain increasing with exertion, personal history of cardiovascular disease and other.

4.Systolic hypertension (SH) is defined as systolic blood pressure (SBP) of at least (по меньшей мере) 140 mm Hg and diastolic blood pressure of less than 90 mm Hg, inolder persons (≥60 years).

33

5.The studies most strongly support the use of thiazide diuretics and long-acting calcium channel blockers as first-line therapy (терапия первой линии).

6.In 41% patients admission diagnosis was ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction, whereas 59% presented with non-ST-segment elevation acute coronary syndrome.

7.Thus, among nitrate users clinical presentation was tilted toward (склоняются в пользу) non-ST-segment elevation acute coronary syndrome by more than four-fold (более чем в четыре раза).

8.Chronic nitrate use remained independent predictor of non-ST-segment elevation acute coronary syndrome.

9.Randomized, placebo-controlled trials are needed to establish whether nitrate therapy may pharmacologically precondition the heart toward ischaemic

episodes.

10.Chronic nitrate therapy is associated with different presentation and evolution of acute coronary syndromes.

11.Subclinical lesions are not necessarily transient.

12.Doppler imaging improves the detection of rheumatic carditis. 13.Doppler echocardiography revealed acute valvar lesions.

14.10 of 20 rheumatic fever patients had no auscultatory evidence of rheumatic carditis.

15.Subclinical valve lesions, detected only by Doppler imaging, can persist.

Упражнение 2. Прочитайте рефераты медицинских статей. Передайте их содержание на русском языке по схеме

А. RULING OUT CORONARY HEART DISEASE IN PRIMARY CARE PATIENTS WITH CHEST PAIN: A CLINICAL PREDICTION SCORE

Baris Gencer, Paul Vaucher, Lilli Herzig et al

BMC Medicinе, 2010

BACKGROUND Chest pain raises concern for the possibility of coronary heart disease. Scoring methods have been developed to identify coronary heart disease in emergency settings, but not in primary care.

34

OBJECTIVE To develop a clinical prediction score to rule out coronary heart disease in primary care.

METHODS Data were collected from a multicenter Swiss clinical cohort study including 672 patients with chest pain, who had visited one of 59 family practitioners' offices. We derived a clinical prediction score to rule out coronary heart disease by means of a logistic regression model.

RESULTS The coronary heart disease score was derived from eight variables: age, gender, duration of chest pain from 1 to 60 minutes, substernal chest pain location, pain increasing with exertion, absence of tenderness point at palpation, cardiovascular risks factors, and personal history of cardiovascular disease. From this score, 413 patients were considered to have a low risk of coronary heart disease.

CONCLUSIONS This score, based only on history and physical examination, is a complementary tool for ruling out coronary heart disease in primary care patients complaining of chest pain.

BMC (BioMed Central) – название издательства

clinical prediction score – шкала клинического прогноза

rule out – исключить

family practitioner – семейный врач

emergency setting – отделение неотложной помощи

primary care – первичная медицинская помощь

tenderness point – болевая точка

complementary tool – дополнительное средство

В. SYSTOLIC HYPERTENSION IN OLDER PERSONS

Sarwat I. Chaudhry, Harlan M. Krumholz, JoAnne Micale Foody

Journal of American Medical Association, 2004, Volume 292, pp.1074-1080

CONTEXT The 7th Report of the Joint National Committee on Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure emphasizes the importance of systolic hypertension(SH), defined as systolic blood pressure (SBP) of at least 140 mm Hg and diastolic blood pressure of less than 90 mm Hg, inolder persons (≥60 years).

OBJECTIVE To systematically review the literature on clinical management of SH in older persons.

METHODS We performed a MEDLINE search of English-language literature from 1966-2004 to identify reports about SH in older persons. We selected 1064 studies.

35

RESULTS There is strong evidence from clinicaltrials to support the treatment of SH in older persons with SBP of at least 160 mm Hg. The studies most strongly support the use of thiazide diuretics and long-acting calcium channel blockers as first-line therapyto treat SH.

CONCLUSIONS Treatment of SH in older patients with SBP of at least 160 mm Hg is supported by strong evidence. The evidence available to support treatment of patients to the level of 140 mm Hg or those with baseline SBP of 140 to 159 mm Hg is lessstrong; thus, these treatment decisions should be more sensitiveto patient preferences and tolerance of therapy.

Joint National Committee on Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure – Объединённый национальный комитет по предупреждению, выявлению, оценке и лечению высокого артериального давления

strong evidence – веские доказательства

preferences – предпочтения

C. CHRONIC NITRATE THERAPY IS ASSOCIATED WITH DIFFERENT PRESENTATION AND EVOLUTION OF ACUTE CORONARY

SYNDROMES

Allison Wyman, Brian M. Kennelly, Keith A.A. Fox et al

European Heart Journal, Vol. 31, No. 4, pp. 430-438.

OBJECTIVE In this study, we investigated whether antecedent nitrate therapy affords protection against ischemic events.

METHODS We used data from the Global Registry of Acute Coronary Events. The dataset comprised 52 693 patients from 123 centers in 14 countries: 80% were nitrate-naïve and 20% were on chronic nitrates on admission. In nitrate-naïve patients, admission diagnosis was ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) in 41%, whereas 59% presented with non-ST-segment elevation acute coronary syndrome (NSTE-ACS). In contrast, only 18% nitrate users showed STEMI, whereas 82% presented with NSTE-ACS.

RESULTS Thus, among nitrate users clinical presentation was tilted toward NSTE-ACS by more than four-fold, STEMI occurring in less than one of five patients.

CONCLUSIONS In this large multinational registry, сhronic nitrate use remained independent predictor of non-ST-segment elevation acute coronary syndrome. Randomized, placebo-controlled trials are needed to establish whether nitrate therapy maypharmacologically precondition the heart toward ischaemic episodes.

36

antecedent – предшествующий

Global Registry of Acute Coronary Events – Международный регистр острых коронарных синдромов

nitrate-naïve – не принимавший ранее нитраты

precondition – обусловить

D. PROSPECTIVE COMPARISON OF CLINICALAND ECHOCARDIOGRAPHIC DIAGNOSIS OF RHEUMATIC CARDITIS:

LONG TERM FOLLOW UP OF PATIENTS WITH SUBCLINICAL

DISEASE

M. Fernándezb, P. Valdésa, C. Wilson et al

Heart, Volume 85, Issue 4, 2001

OBJECTIVE To determine the frequency of occurrence and long term evolution of subclinical carditis in patients with acute rheumatic fever.

SETTING Three general hospitals in Chile.

METHODS 35 patients fulfilling the Jones criteria for rheumatic fever underwent clinical (auscultatory) and echocardiographic examination. Ten patients had subclinical carditis on admission, six of whom were followed for five years.

RESULTS Mitral or aortic regurgitation was detected by Doppler echocardiographic imaging in 25 out of 35 rheumatic fever patients as opposed to 5 out of 35 by clinical examination. Doppler echocardiography revealed acute valvar lesions in 10 of 20 rheumatic fever patients who had no auscultatory evidence of rheumatic carditis (subclinical carditis). Three of these subclinical lesions and three of the clinical or auscultatory lesions detected on admission were still present after five years of follow up, emphasizing that subclinical lesions are not necessarily transient.

CONCLUSIONS Doppler echocardiographic imaging improves the detection of rheumatic carditis. Subclinical valve lesions, detected only by Doppler imaging, can persist. Echocardiographic findings should be accepted as a major criterion for the diagnosis of rheumatic fever.

long term – отсроченный

Jones criteria for rheumatic fever – критерии Джонса, применяемые для диагностики первой атаки ревматической лихорадки

fulfill – зд. соответствовать

37

	Выучите слова и выражения, наиболее часто употребляемые в
рефератах:
1.	airway	дыхательные пути
2.	aspirate	аспират, материал (напр. клетки, ткани),
		полученный путем аспирации

3.	bacterial colonization	образование колоний бактерий,
		бактериальная колонизация
4.	benefit	польза, благо

5. chest radiograph (Syn. X-ray film) рентгеновский снимок грудной клетки

6.	colonize	заселять (ткань, орган)
7.	cough	кашель
8.	culture	культура, культивирование,
		выращивание (микроорганизмов), посев
		культур (микроорганизмов);
		культивировать, выращивать
9.	database	база данных
		38

10.definitive diagnosis	окончательный диагноз
11.family history	семейный анамнез
12.fever	жар, лихорадка
13.hypopharyngeal	гипофарингеальный, подглоточный
14.hypopharynx	гортанная часть глотки, гипофаринкс,
	гортаноглотка
15.laboratory findings	данные лабораторного исследования
16.negative culture	культура с отсутствием роста,
	отрицательный посев
17.outpatient (Ant. inpatient)	амбулаторный (ант. стационарный)
	больной
18.physical findings	физические показатели
19.positiveculture	культура с наличием роста,
	положительный посев
20.positive sputum culture	положительный посев мокроты
21.predict	предсказывать, прогнозировать
22.prescribe	прописывать
23.provide	cнабжать, обеспечивать
24.provider	поставщик медицинских услуг, врач,
	медицинский работник
25.recurrent	рецидивирующий, повторяющийся,
	возвратный

39

26.retrospective review	ретроспективный обзор
27.tracheostomy	трахеостомия (вскрытие просвета трахеи
	с подшиванием краев разреза трахеи к
	краям разреза кожи для образования
	трахеостомы)
28.wheeze	стридор, тяжелое дыхание, одышка

Упражнение 1. Переведите предложения на русский язык, обратите внимание на перевод выделенных слов

1.Despite the findings in controlled trials that antibiotics provide limited benefit in the treatment of acute bronchitis, physicians frequently prescribe antibiotics for acute bronchitis.

2.Charts (истории болезни) were reviewed to document patient symptoms, physical findings, provider and patient characteristics, and treatment.

3.No significant differences were found based on prescribing habits of individual providers or provider level of training (уровень подготовки).

4.We investigated a possible association between bacterial colonization of the hypopharynx in asymptomatic neonates (новорожденный) and later development of recurrent wheeze.

5.Hypopharyngeal aspirates were cultured from 321 neonates at 1 month of age.

6.Previous studies of chronic tracheostomy (CT) have concerned (касались) mainly hospitalized patients.

7.This was a cross-sectional study of 135 children with presumptive diagnosis of PTB.

8.A total of 50 (37%) patients were diagnosed with definitive PTB based on positive sputum culture.

40