Семенчук И.В., Деревлёва Н.В., Князева Ю.В. - Учимся читать рефераты научных медицинских статей на англ. яз.- НОВ

9. The triad of cough, fever, and a purified protein derivative (PPD) (очищенный белковый продукт) was highly predictive (предсказывающий) of culturepositive PTBamong children.

10.A retrospective chart (история болезни) review was performed in a family medicine training center (учебный центр семейной медицины).

11.Patients who had acute bronchitis were selected from a computerized-record database.

12.We investigated whether outpatients with chronic tracheostomy had a high or

low risk for developingsevere respiratory tract infections.

Выучите названия следующих микроорганизмов. Запомните, что

в русском тексте следует хотя бы один раз обязательно упомянуть

полное латинское название микроорганизмов

1.	gram-negative enteric bacteria	грамотрицательные кишечные
	(GNEB)	бактерии
2.	Haemophilus influenzae	гемофильная палочка
3.	Helicobacter pylori	Хеликобактер пилори
4.	Moraxella catarrhalis	моракселла катаральная
5.	Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB)	туберкулезная бацилла
6.	Pseudomonas aeruginosa	синегнойная палочка
7.	Staphylococcus aureus	золотистый стафилококк
8.	Streptococcus pneumoniae	пневмококк

Упражнение 2. Переведите предложения на русский язык, обратите внимание на названия микроорганизмов

1.Aspirates from the hypopharyngeal region of asymptomatic1-month-old infants were cultured for Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae,

Moraxella catarrhalis, and Staphylococcusaureus.

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2.	Staphylococcus aureus, gram-negative enteric bacteria (GNEB), and
	Pseudomonas aeruginosa were the most common colonizing bacteria at these
	sites.
3.	Twenty-one percent of the infants were colonized with S. pneumoniae,
	M. catarrhalis, H. influenzae, or a combinationof these organisms.
4.	Clinical, epidemiologic, and laboratory findings were compared between
	3 groups of children with a presumptive diagnosis of PTB: those with positive

Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) cultures, those with negative cultures, and those who did not meet (не удовлетворяли) clinical diagnostic criteria.

5.Helicobacter pylori infection rates in duodenal ulcer (DU) (язва) patients may be lower than previously estimated.

Упражнение 3. Прочитайте рефераты медицинских статей. Передайте их содержание на русском языке по схеме

А.PULMONARY TUBERCULOSIS (PTB) IN CHILDREN IN A

DEVELOPING COUNTRY

Guillermo E. Salazar, Tracy L. Schmitz, Rosa Cama et al

Pediatrics, 2001, Vol. 108, Issue 2, pp. 448-453

OBJECTIVE To determine whether features predictive of definitive PTB could be identified.

STUDY DESIGN This was a cross-sectional study of 135 children (mean age: 6.8 years) presenting to the Hospital del Niño in Lima, Peru, with presumptive diagnosis of PTB. Clinical, epidemiologic, and laboratory findings were compared between 3 groups of children with a presumptive diagnosis of PTB: those with positive Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) cultures, those likely to have PTB based on clinical criteria but with negative cultures, and those who did not meet clinical diagnostic criteria or have positivecultures.

RESULTS A total of 50 (37%) patients were diagnosed with definitive PTB based on positive sputum culture. Another 55 (47%) patients were classified as having probable PTB based on meeting at least 2 of the following criteria: cough lasting for at least 2 weeks, typical chest radiograph changes, purified protein derivative(PPD) ≥10 mm or family history of tuberculosis.

CONCLUSIONS The typical presentation of PTB in Peruvian children includes symptoms of active pulmonary disease similar to those seen in adults. The triad of cough lasting ≥2 weeks, fever, and a PPD ≥10 mm was highly predictive for culture-positive PTBamong children in this low-income Peruvian population.

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feature – характерная черта

predictive of – предсказывающий

mean age– средний возраст

meet criteria – удовлетворять критериям

low-income – низкий доход

Peruvian – перуанский

B. WHY ARE ANTIBIOTICS PRESCRIBED FOR PATIENTS WITH

ACUTE BRONCHITIS?

William J. Hueston, Julia E. Hopper, Elizabeth N. Dacus, et al

Journal of the American Board of Family Medicine, Vol. 13, No. 6, 2000

BACKGROUND Despite the findings in controlled trials that antibiotics provide limited benefit in the treatment of acute bronchitis, physicians frequently prescribe antibiotics for acute bronchitis. Objective To determine whether certain patient or provider characteristics could predict antibiotic use for acute bronchitis.

SETTING A family medicine training center where antibiotic use had already been substantially reduced due to quality-improvement efforts.

METHODS Patients who had acute bronchitis diagnosed during an 18-month period and who had no other condition requiring antibiotics were selected from a computerized-record database (n = 135). A retrospective chart review was performed to document patient symptoms, physical findings, provider and patient characteristics, and treatment.

RESULTS 35 (26%) patients received antibiotics for their acute bronchitis. Analysis of 20 different symptoms and physical findings showed that symptoms and signs were poor predictors of antibiotic use. No significant differences were found based on prescribing habits of individual providers or provider level of training.

CONCLUSION In a setting where antibiotic use for acute bronchitis had been decreased due to quality-improvement effort, it did not appear that providers selectively used antibiotics for patients with certain symptoms or signs.

despite – несмотря на

quality-improvement efforts – усилия по улучшению качества

family medicine training center – учебный центр семейной медицины

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level of training – уровень подготовки

chart – история болезни

selectively – избирательно

C. CHILDHOOD ASTHMA AFTER BACTERIAL COLONIZATION OF

THE AIRWAY IN NEONATES

Hans Bisgaard, M.D., D.M.Sc., Mette Northman Hermansen, M.D. et al

New England Journal of Medicine, Vol. 357, 2007, pp. 1487-1495

OBJECTIVE We conducted a study to investigate a possible association between bacterial colonization of the hypopharynx in asymptomatic neonates and later development of recurrent wheeze, asthma, and allergy during the first 5 years of life.

METHODS The subjects were 321 neonates at 1 month of age who were born to mothers with asthma. Aspirates from the hypopharyngeal region were cultured for

Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, Moraxella catarrhalis, and

Staphylococcusaureus. Wheeze was monitored prospectively on diary cards during the first 5 years of life. Lung function was measured and asthma was diagnosed at 5 years of age.

RESULTS 21% of the infants were colonizedwith S. pneumoniae, M. catarrhalis, H. influenzae, or a combinationof these organisms. Colonization with one or more of these organisms, but not colonization with S. aureus, was significantly associated with persistent wheeze, acute severe exacerbation of wheeze, and hospitalization forwheeze.

CONCLUSIONS Neonates colonized in the hypopharyngeal region with S. pneumoniae, H. influenzae, or M. catarrhalis, or with a combination of these organisms, are at increased risk forrecurrent wheeze and asthma early in life.

neonate – новорожденный

diary cards – дневники пациентов

exacerbation – обострение болезни

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D. RESPIRATORY TRACT COLONIZATION AND INFECTION IN PATIENTS WITH CHRONIC TRACHEOSTOMY. A ONE-YEAR STUDY IN PATIENTS LIVING AT HOME

R. Harlid, G. Andersson, C. Frostell et al

Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med., Volume 154, No. 1, 07 1996, pp. 124-129

BACKGROUND The high rate of complications, especially respiratory tract infection(RTI), was reported in patients with chronic tracheostomy (CT) However, previous studies of CT haveconcerned mainly hospitalized patients.

OBJECTIVE We investigated whether outpatients with CT had a high or low risk for developingsevere RTIs.

METHODS We have followed the bacterialcolonization patterns of the upper and lower respiratory tract and recordedall RTIs in 39 outpatients with CT during a 12month period. Patients were colonized with one or more potential pathogens at the stomal site and inthe trachea in 95% and 83%, respectively.

RESULTS Staphylococcus aureus, gram-negative enteric bacteria (GNEB), and Pseudomonas aeruginosa were the most common colonizing bacteria at these sites. 70% of bronchial-protected brush cultures were negative, despite simultaneous heavy colonization of the stomal site or the trachea. Only 18 of 39 (46%) patients were treated with antibiotics because of RTIs during the study year. Of these, only 5 episodes of pneumonia were registered.

CONCLUSION Outpatients with chronic tracheostomy had a low risk for developing severe RTIs, despite massive airway colonization with potentially pathogenic bacteria.

concern – касаться, относиться

stomal – относящийся к стоме

bronchial-protected brush cultures – посевы культур микроорганизмов,

полученных с помощью защищенной бронхиальной щёточки

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	Выучите слова и выражения, наиболее часто употребляемые в
рефератах:
1.	aneurysm	аневризма (расширение просвета кровеносного
		сосуда или полости сердца вследствие
		патологических изменений их стенок)

2.	antiretroviral treatment	антиретровирусная терапия
3.	benign	доброкачественный (о течении болезни, об
		опухоли и т.п.)
4.	braininfarct	мозговой инфаркт
5.	brain tumor	опухоль головного мозга
6.	concomitant	сопутствующий

7. dual combination therapy двойная комбинированная терапия

8.	encephalitis	энцефалит (воспаление головного мозга)
9.	exacerbate	обострять, усиливать
10.glioma		глиома (опухоль центральной нервной
		системы, происходящая из клеток нейроглии)
		46

11.hasten	ускорять (какой-л. процесс и т. п.),
	способствовать
12.incidental finding	случайная находка (при исследовании)
13.injury (Syn. damage)	повреждение, рана, травма
14.ipsilateral	ипсилатеральный, расположенный на той же
	стороне
15.lesion	повреждение, поражение, патологическое
	изменение
16.leukoencephalopathy	лейкоэнцефалопатия (некроз белого вещества
	головного мозга)
17.meningioma	менингиома (обычно доброкачественная
	опухоль оболочек (чаще твёрдой) головного
	или спинного мозга)
18.neuroradiologist	нейрорентгенолог, нейрорадиолог
19.odds ratio	коэффициент несогласия, отношение шансов.
	(отношение шансов определяется как
	отношение шансов события в одной группе к
	шансам события в другой группе, или как
	отношение шансов того, что событие
	произойдет, к шансам того, что событие не
	произойдет)
20.opportunistic disease	оппортунистические болезни (вызываемые
	условно-патогенной микрофлорой при
	ослабленном иммунитете)

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21.parietal lobe	теменная доля головного мозга
22.pathological finding	обнаруженная патология
23.physical medicine	физиотерапия, физическая терапия
24.primary tumor	первичная опухоль
25.temporal lobe	височная доля (головного мозга)
26.traumatic brain injury	черепно-мозговая травма, травматическое
	повреждение мозга
27.triple combination	тройная комбинированная терапия
therapy
28.white matter	белое вещество (мозга)

Упражнение 1. Переведите предложения на русский язык, обратите внимание на перевод выделенных слов

1.Advances (достижения) in medicine result in the detection of asymptomatic brain abnormalities, such as brain tumors, aneurysms, and subclinical vascular pathologic changes.

2.We conducted a study to determine the prevalence of such incidental brain findings.

3.Two neuroradiologists recorded all brain abnormalities, including asymptomatic braininfarcts.

4.Cerebral aneurysms (1.8%) and benign primary tumors (1.6%), mainly meningiomas,were the most frequent.

5.The CNS of 1210 patients (76%) was affected by opportunistic diseases, HIVrelated (ВИЧ-обусловленные) lesions or both.

6.Traumatic brain injury initiates several metabolic processes that can exacerbate the injury.

7.A specialist in physical medicine and rehabilitation evaluated the patients.

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8.Treatment with moderate hypothermia for 24 hours hastened neurologic recovery.

9.No risk increase was found for ipsilateral phone use for tumors located in the

temporal and parietal lobes.

10.These data confirm the efficacy of antiretroviral treatment in reducing the frequency of HIV-related CNS lesions in AIDS patients.

11.Some patients received dual combination therapy and other received triple

combination therapy.

12.The objective of the study was to evaluate the prevalence of HIV-related central nervous system (CNS) lesions such as HIV-encephalitis and/or HIV- leukoencephalopathy.

13.The prevalence of asymptomatic brain infarcts and meningiomas increased with age, as did the volumeof white matter lesions.

14.We evaluated the prevalence of HIV-related central nervous system lesions and correlated it with the changes in antiretroviral treatment.

Упражнение 2. Прочитайте рефераты медицинских статей. Передайте их содержание на русском языке по схеме

A. LONG-TERM MOBILE PHONE USE AND BRAIN TUMOR RISK

Stefan Lönn, Anders Ahlbom, Per Hall, Maria Feychting

American Journal of Epidemiology, Vol. 151, Issue 6, 526-535

BACKGROUND Handheld mobile phones were introduced in Sweden during the late 1980s.

OBJECTIVE The purpose of this population-based, case-control study was to test the hypothesis that long-term mobile phone use increases the risk of brain tumors.

METHODS The authors identified all cases aged 20–69 years who were diagnosed with glioma or meningioma during 2000–2002 in certain parts of Sweden. Randomly selected controls were stratified on age, gender, and residential area. Detailed information about mobile phone use was collected from 371 (74%) glioma and 273 (85%) meningioma cases and 674 (71%) controls.

RESULTS For regular mobile phone use, the odds ratio was 0.8 for glioma and 0.7 for meningioma. Similar results were found for more than 10 years' duration of

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mobile phone use. No risk increase was found for ipsilateral phone use for tumors located in the temporal and parietal lobes. Furthermore, the odds ratio did not increase, regardless of tumor histology, type of phone, and amount of use.

CONCLUSIONS This study includes a large number of long-term mobile phone users, and it may be concluded that the data do not support the hypothesis that mobile phone use is related to an increased risk of glioma or meningioma.

handheld – карманный

stratify – подразделять

residential area – область проживания

furthermore – более того

regardless of –независимо от

support – поддерживать

B. INCIDENTAL FINDINGS ON BRAIN MRI IN THE GENERAL

POPULATION

Meike W. Vernooij, M. Arfan Ikram., Hervé L. Tanghe

New England Journal of Medicine, 2007

BACKGROUND Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the brain is increasingly used in clinical medicine, and scanner hardware and MRI sequences are continually being improved. These advances are likely to result in the detection of asymptomatic brain abnormalities, such as brain tumors, aneurysms, and subclinical vascular pathologic changes.

OBJECTIVE To determine the prevalence of such incidentalbrain findings in the general population.

METHODS The subjects were 2000 persons from the population-based Rotterdam Study in whom structural brain MRI was performed. Two experienced neuroradiologists recorded all brain abnormalities, including asymptomatic brain infarcts.

RESULTS Asymptomatic brain infarcts were present in 145 persons (7.2%). Among findings other than infarcts, cerebral aneurysms(1.8%) and benign primary tumors (1.6%), mainly meningiomas, were the most frequent. The prevalence of asymptomatic brain infarcts and meningiomas increased with age, as did the volumeof white matter lesions, whereas aneurysms showed no age-relatedincrease in prevalence.

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