АНГЛИЙСКИЙ ЯЗЫК УЧЕБНИК 2 КУРС_макет
.pdftoo uncomfortable because you are in good company, Whenever the subject of smoking and health is raised, the goverments of most countries hear no evil, see no evil and smell no evil. Admittedly, a few governments have taken timid measures. In Britain, for instance, cigarette advertising has been banned on television. The conscience of the nation is appeased, while the population continues to puff its way to smoky, cancerous death.
You don't have to look very far to find out why the official reactions to medical findings have been so luke-warm. The answer is simply money. Tobacco is a wonderful commodity to tax. It's almost like a tax on our daily bread. In tax revenue alone, the government of Britain collects enough from smokers to pay for its entire educational facilities. So while the authorities point out ever so discreetly that smoking may, conceivably, be harmful, it doesn't do to shout too loudly about it.
This is surely the most short-sighted policy you could imagine. While money is eagerly collected in vast sums with one hand, it is paid out in increasingly vaster sums with the other. Enormous amounts are spent on cancer research and on efforts to cure people suffering from the disease. Countless valuable lives are lost. In the long run, there is no doubt that everybody would be much better-off if smoking were banned altogether.
Of course, we are not ready for such drastic action. But if the govern-ments of the world were honestly concerned about the welfare of their peoples, you'd think they'd conduct aggressive anti-smoking campaigns. Far from it! The tobacco industry is allowed to spend staggering sums on advertising. Its advertising is as insidious as it is dishonest. We are never shown pictures of real smokers coughing up their lungs early in the morning. That would never do. The advertisements always depict virile, clean-shaven young men. They suggest it is manly to smoke, even positively healthy! Smoking is associated with the great open-air life, with beautiful girls, true love and togetherness. What utter nonsense!
For a start, governments could begin by banning all cigarette and tobacco advertising and should then conduct anti-smoking advertising campaigns of their own. Smoking should be banned in all public places like theatres, cinemas and restaurants. Great efforts should be made to inform young people especially of the dire consequences of taking up the habit. A horrific warning - say, a picture of a death's head - should be included in every packet of cigarettes that is sold. As individuals we are certainly weak, but if governments acted honestly and courageously, they could protect us from ourselves.
3.2.3.Прочитайте следующие высказывания. Исправьте неверные высказывания в соответствие с содержанием текста.
1.Very few people know about the link between smoking and heart disease.
2.The governments of most countries see evil when the subject of smoking is raised.
3.Most governments have taken stubborn measures concerning smoking.
4.Cigarette advertising was banned on TV in Britain.
51
5.Governments paid great attention to problems of smoking.
6.Governments collect much money from smokers in the form of tax.
7.Timid measures against smoking are regarded to be a useful policy.
8.Much money is spent on cancer research.
9.It would be much better if smoking is banned altogether.
10.All the countries are ready to ban smoking altogether.
11.Advertising of tobacco industry is insidious and dishonest.
12.It is really manly and healthy to smoke.
3.2.4.Заполните пропуски следующими словами:
facilities |
commodity conduct harmful |
banned manly cancer |
link |
suffering timid drastic protect |
advertise public |
1.There is a definite ….. between smoking and lung cancer.
2.A few governments have taken ….. measures against smoking.
3.Advertising of cigarettes was ….. on British television.
4.Tobacco is a wonderful ….. to tax.
5.Educational ….. are paid by taxes on tobacco.
6.The government point out that smoking is probably ….. but don’t shout about it.
7.Great sums of money are spent on …… research.
8.Much money is paid to cure people ….. from cancer.
9.Countries are not ready for …… actions against smoking.
10.We hope the governments will ….. aggressive anti-smoking campaigns.
11.Tobacco industry will be banned to ….. its products.
12.The advertisements show it is …… to smoke.
13.Smoking should be banned in all …… places.
14.If government acted courageously they could ….. us from ourselves.
3.2.5.Прокомментируйте следующие высказывания:
1.The best way to give up smoking is to carry wet matches.
2.To cease smoking is the easiest thing I ever did. I ought to know because I’ve done it a thousand times.
3.Man is his own worst enemy.
4.There is no little enemy.
5.Always forgive your enemies. Nothing annoys them so much.
6.It is a sin to believe in evil of others, but it is seldom a mistake.
52
3.2.6.Объясните, почему правительству невыгодно принимать жёсткие меры против курения.
3.2.7.Напишите 5-7 вопросов по содержанию текста и задайте их своим сокурсникам.
3.2.8.Сформулируйте основную мысль каждого абзаца.
3.2.9.Напишите краткую аннотацию текста, используя фразы:
Link between; timid measures; tax revenue; educational facilities; short-sighted policy; aggressive anti-smoking campaign; could protect.
Раздел 3.3.
3.3.1.Прочитайте текст и определите его основную идею:
Believe it or not, the Swiss were once a warlike people. There is still evidence of this. To this day, the guards at the Vatican are Swiss. But the Swiss discovered long ago that constant warfare brought them nothing but suffering and poverty. They adopted a policy of neutrality, and while the 5 rest of the world seethed in turmoil, Switzerland, a country with hardly any natural resources, enioyed peace and prosperity. The rest of the world is still not ready to accept this simple and obvious solution. Most countries not only maintain permanent armies but require all their young men to do a period of compulsory military service. Everybody has a lot to say about the desirability of peace, but no one does anything about it. An obvious thing to do would be to abolish conscription everywhere. This would be the first step towards universal peace.
Some countries, like Britain, have already abandoned peace-time conscription. Unfortunately, they haven't done so for idealistic reasons, but from a simple recognition of the fact that modern warfare is a highly professional business. In the old days, large armies were essential. There was strength in numbers; ordinary soldiers were cannon fodder. But in these days of inter-continental ballistic missiles, of push-button warfare and escalation, unskilled manpower has become redundant. In a mere two years or so, you can't hope to train conscripts in the requirements and conditions of modern warfare. So why bother? Leave it to the professionals!
There are also pressing personal reasons to abolish conscription. It is most unpleasant in times of peace for young men to grow up with the threat of military service looming over their heads. They are deprived of two of the best and most formative years of their lives. Their careers and studies are disrupted and sometimes the whole course of their lives is altered. They spend at least two years in the armed forces engaged in activities which do not provide them with any useful experience with regard to their future work. It can't even be argued that
53
what they learn might prove valuable in a national emergency. When they leave the services, young men quickly forget all the unnecessary information about warfare which they were made to acquire. It is shocking to think that skilled and unskilled men are often nothing more than a source of cheap labour for the military.
Some people argue that military service 'does you good'. 'Two years in the army,' you hear people say, 'will knock some sense into him.' The opposite is usually the case. Anyone would resent being pushed about and bullied for two years, all in the name of 'discipline'. The military mind requires uniformity and conformity. People who do not quite fit into this brutal pattern suffer terribly and may even emerge with serious personality disorders. There are many wonderful ways of spending two years. Serving in the armed forces is not one of them!
3.3.2.Озаглавьте текст. Дайте не менее трёх вариантов заголовка.
3.3.3.Письменно переведите текст со словарём.
3.3.4.Напишите небольшую заметку (10-12 предложений) на тему:
а) “Government actions to reduce accidents” б) “Advertising of cigarettes”
54
БЛОК 4
Согласование времён. Косвенная речь.
Тема: «Some Social Problems”
Раздел 4.1.
4.1.1.Поставьте глагол-сказуемое в правильную видо-временную форму, применяя правило согласования времён:
1.I knew that she always (to ware) a hat when she (to work) in the garden.
2.We supposed that he (to wait) outside the office at that moment.
3.She hoped her son (not to get) flue that winter.
4.He thought his wife (to book) already the seats for the flight.
5.It was 12.30 and I was sure he (to have lunch) in the nearest café.
6.We heard that he (to go) into hospital for a routine operation the day before.
7.The doctor was sure that the nurse always (to give) pills to the patients in time.
8.He was attacked when he (to wait) for a bus.
9.I knew my sister always (to have) problems getting to sleep.
10.They didn’t believe that it (to be) his fault.
4.1.2.Переведите предложения на русский язык, применяя правило согласования времён:
1.Они понимали, что она была не совсем права.
2.Мы решили, что они пойдут до вокзала пешком.
3.Родители полагали, что дети сейчас играют во дворе.
4.Директор подумал, что этот документ ещё не отправлен.
5.Продавец заметил, что этот странный покупатель идёт к кассе.
6.Его сын знал, что он уехал в командировку и вернётся через неделю.
7.Он не верил, что это его собственная ошибка.
8.Мы предполагали, что он смог добраться до места до темноты.
9.Я осознавал, что у меня достаточно времени, чтобы подготовиться к экзамену.
10.Экономисты понимали, что ситуация скоро изменится.
4.1.3.Передайте следующие утвердительные предложения в косвенной речи:
1.He said to me: “Fortunately reasons prevailed and she didn’t marry him.”
2.The manager said to the director: “His assessment of the situation is based on emotion, not reason”.
55
3.The shop-assistant said to the customer: “We have got the same shoes of bigger size.”
4.She said to her daughter: “All good things must come to an end.”
5.The girl said to her: “I feel my life is just beginning.”
6.He said to the guests: “The ceremony is to be at noon.”
7.The teacher said: “I came to the conclusion that you are ready to take exams.”
8.The reporter said: “It took them three hours to get the fire under control.”
9.The boy said: “I need to talk to you.”
10.My friend said: “Three is a package waiting for you in the office.”
4.1.4.Переведите на русский язык предложения с косвенной речью:
1.Он сказал мне, что знает её много лет.
2.Продавец сказал покупателю, что принесёт другую пару обуви.
3.Репортёр сказал слушателям, что правительство уже разработало антикризисные меры.
4.Сын сказал отцу, что он не может вспомнить эту дату.
5.Он сказал медсестре, что пациенты сейчас обедают.
6.Управляющий сказал, что вернётся через час.
7.Студенты сказали, что напишут доклады к концу месяца.
8.Экономисты говорят, что инфляция не будет расти.
9.Преподаватель сказал, что проверит тесты к следующему уроку.
10.Он сказал, что правительство должно предпринять действия, чтобы снизить инфляцию.
4.1.5.Передайте следующие специальные вопросы в косвенной речи:
1.She asked: “What subjects are you studying?”
2.He asked me: “Why didn’t you phone me?”
3.The students asked: ”When will we know our test results?”
4.The secretary asked: “When should I end the letter with “Yours sincerely”?”
5.The manager asked: “How have they made a profit?”
6.The doctor asked somebody: “How long have you been waiting here?
7.My friend asked: “Who is she going to marry?”
8.The colleagues asked her: “Who was put in charge of the Marketing Department?”
9.The doctor asked: “Where could she have come into contact with the disease?”
10.We asked: “What support have his views received?”
56
4.1.6.Переведите предложения с косвенными вопросами на английский язык:
1.Они спросили, почему мы не поехали за город.
2.Дети спросили, куда ушла их тётя.
3.Доктор спросил, как долго его ждут пациенты.
4.Он спросил, когда этот фильм будет показан по телевидению.
5.Они спросили, что она сейчас делает.
6.Продавец спросил, какой цвет я предпочитаю.
7.Управляющий спросил, как они будут увеличивать продажи.
8.Отец спросил, когда они пойдут играть в футбол.
9.Она спросила, как они собираются проводить отпуск.
10.Мы спросили, когда они придут к соглашению.
4.1.7.Передайте следующие общие вопросы в косвенной речи:
1.I said to him: “Are you going to the town?”
2.He said to me: “Have you come to the conclusion?”
3.We asked him: ”Do you have enough practice?”
4.The doctor asked him: “Did you take aspirin yesterday?”
5.The waiter asked them: “Do you want a bill?”
6.The man asked: “Is it a non-stop flight?”
7.He said to me: “Will you continue studying to get your second degree?”
8.Mother asked me: “Will your friends pick you up to the station?”
9.The manager asked: “Will the price be increased?”
10.The colleagues said: “Will you arrange the training?”
4.1.8.Переведите предложения с косвенными вопросами на английский язык:
1.Я спросила, ходила ли она сегодня в институт.
2.Они хотели знать, купили ли мы эти учебники.
3.Прохожий спросил, открыт ли сейчас банк.
4.Я спросила, был ли он сегодня в библиотеке.
5.Продавец хотел знать, хотим ли мы другую модель.
6.Она не хотела знать, отправим ли мы это сообщение.
7.Мы спросили, пойдут ли они на собрание.
8.Они спросили, сможем ли мы проверить оборудование.
9.Он не спросил меня, поеду ли я поездом или самолётом.
10.Она хотела понять, соглашусь ли я с её точкой зрения.
4.1.9.Передайте повелительные предложения в косвенной речи:
1.He said to his son: “Come and tell me all about it!”
2.The teacher said to the parents: “Let your children have their freedom within reason!”
57
3.My friend said to me: “Don’t forget to take an extra pair of shoes.”
4.The class master said: “Remember to take a pen with you.”
5.She said to the child: “Take as many cakes as you like!”
6.The manager said to him: “Don’t keep me waiting for an answer!”
7.The doctor said to the patient: “Don’t take more than four pills in 24 hours.”
8.Dad said to her: “Ask your mum’s opinion first.”
9.He said to his son: “Try to improve yourself!”
10.She asked us: “Start as you are ready.”
4.1.10.Переведите предложения на английский язык:
1.Он попросил нас принести ему воды.
2.Преподаватель попросил взять другие учебники.
3.Он сказал нам купить эту машину, потому что она очень надёжная.
4.Управляющий сказал не отправлять этот документ факсом.
5.Доктор сказал принимать по одной таблетке три раза в день.
6.Он сказал оплатить счета как можно быстрее.
7.Когда я вошла, он попросил меня сесть и внимательно прочитать контракт.
8.Как только мы приехали в отель, он попросил её распаковать чемоданы.
9.Лектор сказал студентам написать рефераты к концу месяца.
10.Директор сказал сотрудникам не спорить с клиентами.
4.1.11.Ответьте на вопросы по теме:
1.Do people have equal rights in our society?
2.Are they rewarded according to their labour?
3.Are young people equal in their rights with elder people?
4.Do they have the same opportunities in getting a job?
5.Are there any limitations regarding the age in this respect?
6.Do you think it is difficult to find a good job for the youngsters?
7.What does it depend on?
8.How would you look for a job?
9.What is more important interesting and creative work or just well-paid?
10.Do you think there are some age restrictions when it is a job that really matter?
4.1.12.Соотнесите слова с их определениями:
society |
- people in official organisations with legal power to make |
|
people obey laws or rules |
Establishment |
- an amount of money that you earn for working usually |
|
according to how many hours or days you work each week or |
|
month |
|
58 |
authorities |
- something good that happens or that you receive because of |
|
something that you have done |
job |
- a fixed amount of money that you earn each month or year |
|
from your job |
work |
- work that you do regularly to earn money |
reward |
- people in general living together in organised communities; |
|
with laws and traditions controlling the way that they behave |
|
towards each other |
wage |
- activity that involves physical or mental effort |
salary |
- the most important and powerful people in the country who |
|
are often thought of as being conservative and wanting to |
|
preserve their own power and influence |
4.1.13. Вставьте в текст пропущенные слова из данных ниже (три
слова лишние): |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
choose |
party |
role |
opportunities |
distribution |
|
|
equality |
changes |
supporter |
homemaking |
mother |
pay |
|
Many women reject the straitjacket role of child bearing and ……, jobs which women didn’t …… for themselves but which had been imposed on them by a male-dominated society. Not that the role of wife and …… is no longer honorable. It is, and numerous women still find homemaking a satisfying career. But in recent years, many thoughtful women have sought to expand this ……. They want absolute …… with men – in marriage, in the workplace, in politics. Shouldn’t women receive the same …… as men for the same work, have the same educational ……, and be able to rise in any occupation as far as they can? It is no exaggeration to call current …… a social revolution – not only for women but for men, too.
4.1.14. Отработайте произношение слов, уточнив транскрипцию по словарю:
establishment |
n |
учреждение, штат, структуры власти |
||
wield |
v |
|
|
владеть иметь, в руках |
clash |
n |
|
|
гул, шум, столкновение, конфликт |
tension |
|
n |
|
натяжение, напряжение |
lessen |
v |
|
уменьшать |
|
obvious |
|
a |
|
очевидный, явный |
impatient |
a |
|
нетерпеливый, беспокойный, раздражительный |
|
purse-strings |
n pl |
ремешки, которыми затягивали кошелёк |
||
inevitably |
adv |
неизбежно |
||
consistent |
a |
|
согласующийся, последовательный |
|
hierarchy |
n |
|
иерархия |
|
|
|
|
|
59 |
queue |
n |
|
косичка, очередь |
|
acknowledge |
v |
признавать, подтверждать, отблагодарить |
||
due |
a |
|
|
должный, надлежащий |
in due course |
w.c. |
в своё время |
||
exclude |
v |
|
исключать |
|
exception |
n |
|
исключение |
|
despite |
prep |
|
несмотря на, вопреки |
|
restriction |
n |
|
ограничение |
|
give rein |
w.c. |
дать волю |
||
assassination |
n |
убийство |
||
bitterness |
n |
|
горечь |
|
resent |
v |
|
негодовать, обижаться |
|
rascal |
n |
|
|
негодяй, мошенник |
straight |
adv |
|
прямо, немедленно |
|
justly |
adv |
|
справедливо ,законно |
|
friction |
n |
|
трение, конфликт |
|
ultimately |
adv |
в конечном счёте |
||
4.1.15.Переведите данные словосочетания на русский язык:
Civil society; friendly society; affluent society; to ease tension; nervous tension; to reduce tension; to remove from; to remove the coat; for obvious reasons; obvious to somebody; impatient with people; impatient to do something; succeed in getting something; reward someone for something; reward with; a queue to get into the museum; stand in a queue; join a queue; acknowledge that; acknowledge mistakes; in due course; make an exception; be no exception; without exception; with the exception of; speed restrictions; parking restrictions; to place restrictions on.
4.1.16.Прочитайте и переведите предложения на русский язык:
1.I tried to ease the tension.
2.Measures are needed to reduce tension between the two states.
3.Society has to be prepared to support its elderly people.
4.Never forget that we live in multicultural society.
5.Remove the pan from the heat and leave to cool.
6.She removed her jacket and hung it over the chair.
7.For obvious reasons I won’t go into details.
8.It was becoming obvious to her parents that she needed help.
9.He gets impatient with people who don’t agree with him.
10.There is a lot of pressure on children to succeed in school.
11.He finally succeeded in getting a good job.
12.He always believed that company would reward him for his efforts.
13.Everyone who reached the summit was rewarded with a magnificent view.
14.We stood in a queue for over an hour.
60