73. Text a Respiration

75. Respiration is the process by which air passes into and out of the lungs so that the blood in the lungs can expel the carbon dioxide and acquire pure oxygen.

76. A normal sample of air consists of nitrogen (78.09%), oxygen (20.93%), carbon dioxide (0.03%) and other gases (0.95%).

77. All the gases we mentioned have a strong tendency to “diffuse” or spread themselves out of regions in which they are highly concentrated to regions where their concentration is lower. If, for example, a flask with pure oxygen is opened to the air, the oxygen molecules will rush out from their region of high concentration to the air around where the concentration is lower. Simultaneously nitrogen molecules will rush from air to the region inside the flask, where their concentration is low. So, in a few seconds equilibrium will be restored. Thus the constitution of the atmosphere always tends to normality.

78. All animals need oxygen for the metabolism of body cells. The cells dispose of carbon dioxide which results from the metabolism. The exchange of the gases is termed respiration.

80. Vocabulary List

82. Verbs

83. to apply

84. to complicate

85. to examine

86. to form

87. to mention

88. to present

91. Nouns

92. condition

93. contents

94. fluid

95. hernia

96. horse

97. hospital

98. leg

99. problem

100. Adjectives

101. abdominal

102. cecal

103. equine

104. intestinal

105. medical

106. strong

107. surgical

109. Adverbs

110. around

111. inside

118. Ex. 12. Answer the following questions on Text A in English.

1. What is respiration?

2. What does a normal sample of air consist of?

3. What kind of tendency have all the gases?

4. Do all animals need oxygen for the metabolism of body cells?

5. What is the result of the metabolism?

119. Ex. 13. Characterize the process of respiration in Russian.

120. Ex. 14. Translate from English into Russian.

1. The exchange of gases takes place in the alveoli of the lungs.

2. The exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide is due to the difference of partial pressures of these gases in the alveolar air and in the venous blood.

3. The partial pressure of oxygen in the alveolar air is higher than in the venous blood.

4. The partial pressure of carbon dioxide is higher in the venous blood.

5. The process of transfer of gases into the atmosphere with a lower partial pressure is called diffusion.

122. Text b Equine Cecal Fistula

124. A 3-year-old horse was presented to Veterinary Medical Hospital for surgical repair of an umbilical hernia complicated by an intestinal fistula. Approximately one and one half years previously the horse had been costrated under general anesthesia. At that time a hernia clamp had been applied to a reducible umbilical hernia. The clamp and hernia sac sloughed from the abdominal wall approximately two weeks later. However, intestinal contents were dripping from a fistula which had formed where the hernia clamp was applied. This drainage persisted and although it caused no apparent problems for the horse, the fluid caused considerable soiling (загрязнение) of the hind legs. When the animal was examined it was in good physical condition. Surgical treatment was used.

126. Ex. 15. Answer the following questions on Text B in English.

1. Who was presented to the Veterinary Medical Hospital?

2. What was the diagnosis?

3. What happened (случилось) to the horse?

4. In what physical condition was the horse?

5. What kind of treatment was used?

128. Ex. 16. Make up a dialogue between the owner of the horse and the veterinarian.

130. Ex. 17. Retell Text B in English.

132. Ex. 18. Translate the following sentences into Russian.

1. Surgical repair of an umbilical hernia in the animal is not an easy task.

2. Approximately one and one half of years previously the horse had been castrated under general anesthesia.

3. A hernia clamp was applied to a reducible umbilical hernia.

4. A fistula had formed where the hernia clamp was applied.

5. When the animal was examined it was in good physical condition.

6. Surgical treatment was used.

133. Ex. 19. Translate into English.

1. Дыхание – это газообмен.

2. Воздух состоит из 78,09% азота, 20,93% кислорода, 0,03% двуокиси углерода и 0,95% других газов.

3. Все газы стремятся разместиться равномерно в атмосфере.

4. Для обмена веществ нужен кислород.

5. Больная лошадь была доставлена в клинику по поводу кишечной фистулы.

6. Когда вправляли грыжу, была наложена скоба.

7. Скоба соскользнула, и образовалась фистула в кишечнике.

8. Лошадь прооперировали.