Text a The Ruminant Stomach

The ruminant stomach consists of four compartments. They are named rumen, reticulum, omasum and abomasum, but they are collectively referred to as “stomachs”.

The rumen consists of a dorsal sac which lies in the left upper quarter of the abdomen and a ventral sac which lies on the abdomen floor. The mucous membrane lining is covered with papillae. In the camel the rumen lining is devoid of papillae and therefore it is quite smooth.

The reticulum is the smallest compartment. It lies in front of the rumen but on a lower level. The mucous membrane lining is arranged in folds. They are dividing the inner surface into cellules, which are normally filled with fluid resembling saliva.

In the camel there are two additional reticula or “water bags” at the front end of the rumen. In all three the cellules are deep and their openings can be closed by sphincter muscles which prevent the escape of the saliva-like fluid.

The omasum lies somewhat above the reticulum and to the right. It is filled with about 100 folds of white muscle.

The abomasum lies round the lower and posterior surfaces of the omasum. It is relatively small and has the same structure as the glandular part of the stomach of a non-ruminant animal.

Vocabulary List

Verbs

examine

fill

lie

prevent

refer

resemble

suspect

Nouns

appearance

breathing

difficulty

male

papilla

(pl. papillae)

reticulum

rumen

omasum

abomasum

saliva

surface

weight

Adjectives

front

intramuscular

lower

old

upper

Adverbs

normally

Ex. 8. Answer the following questions on Text A.

1. What is the peculiarity of the ruminant stomach?

2. What are the compartments of the ruminant stomach?

3. What does the rumen consist of?

4. What is the peculiarity of the reticulum in the camel?

5. How many folds of white muscle are there in the omasum?

6. What is the fourth compartment if the ruminant stomach?

Ex. 9. Describe in Russian the four compartments of the ruminant stomach.

Ex. 10. Characterize the reticulum in the camel in English.

Ex. 11. Translate the following combinations of nouns into Russian:

rumen contents, fluid medicine, vaccine injection, stomach compartments, disease diagnosis, joint examination, heart condition.

Ex. 12. Translate the following sentences into Russian paying attention to noun combinations.

1. This disease origin is not known yet.

2. The body size of this calf is not big enough for its age,

3. The skin surface of the cow was examined by the veterinarian thoroughly.

4. This disease nature has been investigated in our research institute this year.

5. Rumen, reticulum, omasum and abomasum are stomach compartments.

6. The digestion function is performed in the digestive tract and the stomach.

7. The body appearance of the animals depends on its health.

Ex. 13. Read and translate Text B using a dictionary.

Text b Eosinophylic Granuloma* in the Cat

In November, 2010 a 2-year-old male domestic short-haired cat was examined because of the difficulty in eating*. The owner suspected a foreign body in the mouth back. The end of the cat’s tongue protruded. Respiration was compromised, and open-mouth breathing was evident.

A raised mass was found on the dorso-posterior aspect of the tongue. The mass was reddish brown and had a lobulated appearance.

A biopsy specimen of the lesion was examined histologically. The microscoping diagnosis was eosinophylic granuloma.

Treatment consisted of an intramuscular injection of methylprednisolone acetate at 2 mg/lb of body weight.

eosinophylic granuloma – эозинофильная гранулема

eating – прием пищи

2 mg/lb – 2 мг/фунт

Ex. 14. Answer the following questions on Text B.

1. What is the text about?

2. What were the symptoms of the disease in the cat?

3. Did the owner suspect a foreign body in the mouth?

4. What did the veterinarian find?

5. Was a biopsy specimen of the lesion examined histologically?

6. What was the diagnosis?

7. How did the veterinarian treat the cat?

Ex. 15. Make up a dialogue between the owner of the cat and the veterinarian relying on Text B.

Ex. 16. Retell the text in English.

Ex. 17. Translate the following sentences into Russian.

1. The examination showed the bone fracture.

2. The cow’s leg was fractured.

3. The horse’s disease was diagnosed after the blood examination.

4. The veterinarian examined the pig’s body thoroughly and found skin lesions.

5. The cows’ saliva on this farm contains microbes.

6. The dog’s breathing is not normal.

7. Body weight may differ according to pig’s breed.

8. Eye pupil is in the centre of the eye.

Ex. 18. Translate the following sentences into English.

1. Я лечу перелом кости у этой коровы.

2. Деятельность сердца этого пациента контролируется постоянно.

3. Мышечная ткань поражается при данном заболевании.

4. Эта болезнь домашней птицы очень заразная.

5. У этого пациента тяжелое заболевание желудка.

6. Состояние этой лошади будет лучше на следующей неделе.

7. Помощь ветврача была необходима.