Text a Digestion in Different Animals

The digestive system in various animals differs in general form, structural details and physiological processes. Digestive organs of the pig, for example, have the fewest peculiarities. Those of the horse are the next most simple, while those of the ruminants are the most complicated. The digestive system of almost every vertebrate has the following parts: the mouth cavity, the pharynx, the oesophagus, the stomach, the small intestine which is subdivided into duodenum, jejunum and ileum; the large intestine and the anus.

The two large digestive glands, the liver and pancreas are present in all vertebrates.

The digestive system in various animals differs in general form, structural details and physiological processes according to the nature of food, the manner of life and other factors.

Vocabulary List

Verbs

accompany

refuse

suffer

Nouns

case

condition

dullness

intestine

slaughter

possibility

Adjectives

complicated

fatal

simple

Adverbs

frequently

slightly

Conjunctions

because

Ex. 13. Answer the following questions to Text A in English.

1. Does the digestive system in various animals differ in general form?

2. What are the parts of the digestive system of vertebrates?

3. What are the two digestive glands?

4. What is the cause of differences in the digestive system of various animals?

Ex. 14 Give the general characteristics of the digestive system in various animals in Russian.

Ex. 15. Write down the degrees of comparison of the following adjectives and translate them:

firm, mobile, preventive, numerous, good, simple, many, cold, slight, bad, little, close, severe, busy, low, easy, clean, young, white, early.

Ex. 16. Translate from English into Russian.

1. The disease is more common in young pigs than in adult ones.

2. The temperature of this calf was higher yesterday.

3. Influenza is a most communicable disease.

4. Histology is the most difficult subject.

5. The condition of this animal is worse today than it was yesterday.

6. The condition of the patient was not so bad yesterday as it is today.

7. In most cases pneumonia is not difficult to diagnose.

8. This patient had the most serious operation two days ago.

9. The symptoms of this horse are more severe today.

Ex. 17. Read and translate Text B using a dictionary.

Text b Traumatic Gastritis

The immediate cause of the condition is a foreign object, usually a short piece of wire or a nail, which most frequently finds its way to the floor of the reticulum because of the physiology of the bovine stomach.

There is no definite age incidence of traumatic gastritis, but usually the animal is two years or older. A few fatal cases have occurred in younger animals. Generally the older the cow, the more apt it is to suffer clinical manifestation of the condition, but this may be attributed to the increased possibility to consume foreign bodies in a longer period.

Symptoms. Typically, the owner reports that the cow refuses its feed and, if on pasture, comes to the barn reluctantly. The animal often has an anxious expression, frequently accompanied by a dullness of the eyes. It stands with back arched more than is normal and is reluctant to move. The temperature, pulse and respiratory rate will be in the high normal or slightly above normal range.

Diagnostic. The metal detector must be used with the clinical symptoms constantly born in mind.

Treatment. If the animal is of little or no value, slaughter should be recommended. For the valuable individual rumenotomy should be used.

Ex. 18. Answer the following questions on Text B in English.

1. What is the cause of traumatic gastritis?

2. What animals are usually affected by traumatic gastritis?

3. What are the symptoms of the disease?

4. How does the veterinarian diagnose the disease?

5. Is there any treatment of the disease?

6. What is usually recommended in the case of traumatic gastritis?

Ex. 19. Make up a dialogue between the owner of the cow and the veterinarian basing on Text B.

Ex. 20. Retell the Text B in English.

Ex. 21. Translate the following sentences into Russian.

1. The condition of the patient is less severe today.

2. Your dog is less affected with the disease than mine.

3. We were present at a most interesting operation yesterday.

4. The temperature of the patient is higher and the pulse more rapid today.

5. It was one of the most difficult operations on the stomach.

6. In most cases such injuries are most dangerous.

7. Most of the students saw the operation for the first time.

8. The operation on the stomach is as difficult at that on the kidney.

Ex. 22. Translate into English.

1. Эта клиника такая же большая, как та (клиника).

2. Вялость – весьма важный симптом.

3. Воспаление слизистой оболочки – самый важный симптом при этом заболевании.

4. Эта больница – самая большая в городе.

5. У этого больного температура более высокая, чем у того.

6. Этот метод лечения весьма эффективный.

7. Его корова дает больше молока, чем моя (корова).

8. Большая часть животных была провакцинирована на ферме вчера.