Система видо-временных форм английского глагола

(Tenes)

В предложении глагол выступает в роли сказуемого, то есть члена предложения, выражающего действие. Сказуемое может состоять из одной или нескольких глагольных форм.

Сказуемое, состоящее из одного глагола, можно найти в предложении по окончаниям:

1) -s, -es (настоящее время)

defends – защищает

2) -ed (прошедшее время)

defended – защищал

Помните, что все глаголы даны в словаре в неопределенной форме. Чтобы найти глагол в словаре, следует отбросить окончания -s, -es, -ed, а если перед окончанием имеется буква i, ее следует заменить на y:

tries – try

classified – classify

Времена группы Simple (Active)

Времена группы Simple употребляются:

1) для констатации факта совершения действия; 2) для выражения обычно

совершаемого действия в настоящем, прошедшем или будущем времени.

В эту группу входят три времени: Present, Past, Future Simple.

The Present Simple Tense

(настоящее простое время)

Present Simple образуется от инфинитива глагола без частицы to; в 3-м лице единственного числа (he, she, it) глагол принимает окончание -s или -es . На русский язык переводится настоящим временем. Отрицательная и вопросительная формы образуются с помощью вспомогательного глагола do ( в 3-м лице единственного числа does) и смыслового глагола без частицы to. При образовании отрицательной формы отрицание not ставится между вспомогательным и смысловым глаголом. При образовании вопросительной формы вспомогательный глагол ставится перед подлежащим, а смысловой глагол стоит после подлежащего.

Показатели времени:

always - всегда; often - часто; seldom - редко; never - никогда; usually - обычно; sometimes - иногда; rarely - редко; every hour/day - каждый день/час.

EXERCISES

Ex. 1. Read and translate the sentences.

1. I know this man, he works at our Academy. 2. We do not like to go by bus, we usually take a tram. 3. Does she often go to the cinema? 4. They play tennis every Sunday. 5. She does not speak English, she speaks German. 6. The students of our group prepare for every seminar. 7. Criminalistics studies investigatory and court practice. 8. The end justifies the means. 9. All the different branches of jurisprudence have their own codes.

Ex. 2. Read the sentences, then make them:

a) negative;

b) interrogative.

1. The student goes home by bus. 2. I know this judge very well. 3. We attend lectures on Criminal Law. 4. They discuss many problems. 5. My brother studies at University. 6. They work at the Court.

Ex. 3. Put the verbs in brackets into the Present Simple, then translate the sentences.

1.My children (to go) to school. 2. His friend (to speak) English. 3. I (to live) in Perm and my friend (to live) in St.Petersburg. 4. She (to work) as a judge. 5. We (to take) examinations twice a year. 6. How often (to do) you take examinations? 7. He (to want) to become a lawyer. 8. She (to do) not know him well.

Ex. 4. Complete the sentences. Use the correct form of these verbs:

boil, close, cost, cost, go, have, like, meet, open, smoke,

speak, teach, wash.

1. She's very clever. She speaks four languages.

2. Steve ____________ ten cigarettes a day.

3. We usually ___________ dinner at 7 o'clock.

4. I ____________ films. I often _____________ to the cinema.

5. Water _______________ at 100 degrees Celsius.

6. In Britain the banks _________________ at 9.30 in the morning.

7. The City Museum ________________ at 5 o'clock every evening.

8. Food is expensive. It _______________ a lot of money.

9. Shoes are expensive. They ________________ a lot of money.

10. Tina is a teacher. She_________________ mathematics to young children.

11. Your job is very interesting. You _______________ a lot of people.

12. Peter _________________ his hair twice a week.

Ex. 5. Complete the sentences. All of them are negative. Use don't/doesn't + one of these verbs: cost, drive, go, know, play, see, sell, smoke, wash, wear.

1. 'Have a cigarette.' 'No, thank you. I don’t smoke. '

2. They _______________ newspapers in that shop.

3. She has a car but she ____________ very often.

4. I like films but I ______________ to the cinema very often.

5. He smells because he ____________ very often.

6. It's a cheap hotel. It _________________ much to stay there.

7 He likes football but he ___________________ very often.

8. I _______________ much about politics.

9. She is married but she _______________ a ring.

10. He lives near our house but we______________________ him very often.

Ex. 6. You are asking somebody questions. Write questions with Do/Does ... ?

1. I work hard. And you? Do you work hard?

2. I play tennis. And you? _______ you ____________?

3. I play tennis. And Ann? ___________ Ann ___________?

4. I know the answer. And you? ____________ the answer?

5. I like hot weather. And you? ___________________?

6. I smoke. And your father? _____________________?

7. I do exercises every morning. And you? _______________?

8. I speak English. And your friends? ___________________?

9. I want to be famous. And you? ______________________?

Ex. 7. These questions begin with Where/What/How ... ?

10. I wash my hair twice a week. (how often / you?) How often do you wash your hair?

11. I live in London. (where / you?) Where _____________________________?

12. I watch TV every day. (how often / you?) How _______________________?

13. I have lunch at home. (where / you?) _______________________________?

14. I get up at 7.30. (what time / you?) _________________________________?

15. I go to the cinema a lot. (how often / you?) ___________________________?

16. I go to work by bus. (how / you?) __________________________________?

The Past Simple Tense

(прошедшее простое время)

По способу образования the Past Simple Tense глаголы делятся на правильные (стандартные) и неправильные (нестандартные). Правильные глаголы образуют форму прошедшего времени путем прибавления к инфинитиву глагола (без to) окончания - (e)d.

Например:

to open – opened

to work – worked

to want – wanted

Отрицательные и вопросительные формы Past Simple образуются при помощи вспомогательного глагола to do в форме did и смыслового глагола без частицы to. Отрицательная частица not ставится между вспомогательным и смысловым глаголом.

Показатели времени: last year/month/week – в прошлом году (месяце)/ на прошлой неделе; two years ago – два года назад; last Friday – в прошлую пятницу;when I was a child – когда я был ребенком; yesterday – вчера; the day before yesterday – позавчера; in 1999 – в 1999 году; etc. - и т.д.

EXERCISES

Ex. 1. Read and translate the sentences.

1. I travelled to Japan last year. 2. I often visited my friends. 3. I saw her two years

ago in London. 4. He started his career as a law enforcement officer when he was 25. 5. Yesterday we attended a lecture on Criminal Law. 6. Last year my sister graduated from the University. 7. There was a lecture on Administrative Law last week. 8. We did not attend the lecture on “Judicial System of the USA”. 9. Did she translate this text yesterday? 10. Who helped you to do this work? – My friend did.

Ex. 2. Put the verbs in brackets into the Past Simple, then translate the sentences.

1. I (to finish) the secondary school 5 years ago. 2. Yesterday we (to attend) a lecture

on Criminal Procedure. 3. This woman (to work) as a barrister two years ago. 4. She (to translate) this text last week. 5. Some years ago we (to live) in Perm. 6. Last week my friend (to go) to Moscow. 7. Yesterday we (to have) not English. 8. Last year my sister (to graduate) from our Academy and (to become) a lawyer. 9. I (to do) this work with the help of my friend. 10. She (to give) me this book some days ago.

Ex. 3. Complete these sentences. Use one of these verbs in the Past Simple:

clean, die, enjoy, finish, happen, live, open, play, rain, smoke, start, stay, want, watch.

1. Yesterday evening I watched television.

2. I ________________ my teeth three times yesterday.

3. Bernard ______________ 20 cigarettes yesterday evening.

4. The concert last night ______________ at 7.30 and ____________at 10 o'clock.

5. The accident ______________ last Sunday afternoon.

6. When I was a child, I _______________ to be a doctor.

7. Mozart __________________ from 1756 to 1791.

8. We _______________ our holiday last year. We ____________at a very good hotel.

9. Today the weather is nice, but yesterday it ___________________.

10. It was hot in the room, so I __________________ the window.

11. The weather was good yesterday afternoon, so we _____________ tennis.

12. William Shakespeare _________________ in 1616.

Ex. 4. Complete these sentences with the verb in the negative.

1. I saw John but I didn’t see Mary.

2. They worked on Monday but they _____________ on Tuesday.

3. We went to the shop but we _______________ to the bank.

4. She had a pen but she ________________ any paper.

5. Jack did French at school but he ______________ German.

The Future Simple Tense

(будущее простое время)

Future Simple образуется при помощи вспомогательных глаголов shall (для 1-го лица единственного и множественного числа) и will (для всех остальных лиц) и инфинитива смыслового глагола без частицы to.

Показатели времени: tomorrow - завтра; next week/ summer/ year/ month - на следующей неделе/ будущим летом/ в будущем году/ в следующем месяце; the day after tomorrow - послезавтра; in the future – в будущем; etc. – и т.д.

EXERCISES

Ex. 1. Read and translate the sentences.

1. Tomorrow we shall have a seminar in Civil Law. 2. Next week we shall go to the

industrial enterprises of our district. 3. He will make a report in a week. 4. They will study Criminal Law next year. 5. They will discuss the problem at the next seminar. 6. We shall not study Administrative Law next year. 7. Tomorrow there will be no lecture on the Highest Judicial Organs of the USA. 8. In a week we shall have no English classes. 9. They will not take part in this discussion. 10. Will you become a lawyer next year? – Yes, I shall. 11. Will your friend make a report at the next seminar? – No, he will not (= he won’t). 12. Shall we go to the lecture? – Yes, we shall. 13. Will you ask him for help? – No, I shall not. (= No, I shan’t). 14. Will they translate this text next week? – No, they will not. (= No, they won’t).

Ex. 2. Write sentences with I think ... All the sentences are future.

1. (Diana / pass the exam) I think Diana will pass the exam____________________

2. (Jack / win the game) I think ________________________________________

3. (Sue / like her present) ______________________________________________

4. (the weather / be nice tomorrow) ______________________________________

Now write two sentences with I don't think ...

5. (they / get married) I don't ___________________________________________

6. (I / be at home this evening) __________________________________________