- •Кафедра иностранных языков английский язык
- •Lesson 1 tenses. Active voice
- •2. Make sentences in the Active Voice using these expressions.
- •3. Open the brackets.
- •Make sentences with these verbs and adverbials.
- •5. Translate the text. A trip to london
- •6. Answer the questions
- •7. Look at this grammatical pattern and translate the expressions
- •Lesson 2 passive voice
- •1. Examine carefully the way the sentences are transformed into the passive voice.
- •2. Now transform the following sentences into the passive voice.
- •3. Make sentences in the Passive Voice using these expressions.
- •4. Translate the text. Economic activity
- •6. Answer the questions.
- •7. Examine carefully the following sentences.
- •Lesson 3 modal verbs
- •1. Study carefully the following.
- •4. Translate the following sentences.
- •5. Translate the text production
- •6. Answer the questions
- •7. Transform these sentences into the passive voice.
- •Lesson 4 complex sentences
- •1. Translate the following.
- •2. Translate the text. Economics
- •3. Answer the following questions.
- •4. Translate the following sentences containing the conjunction whether.
- •5. Translate into English.
- •6. Translate the following.
- •7. Be careful in distinguishing these different words.
- •8. Translate the following
- •Abridged clauses with participles
- •9. Study carefully the following.
- •10. Translate the following.
- •Lesson 5 sequence of tenses
- •1. Examine carefully the following.
- •2. Translate the following.
- •Translate the text. Economic theories
- •Answer the questions.
- •Translate the following.
- •Lesson 6 conditional sentenses
- •1. Study carefully the following.
- •2. Translate the following.
- •4. Translate the text. People in employment
- •5. Answer the questions.
- •Translate the following.
- •Lesson 7 participles 1 and 2 as attributes
- •1. Using this pattern translate the following.
- •2. Study carefully this pattern and translate the following.
- •3. Transform the following sentences into those containing Participles 1 and 2.
- •4. Translate the text. Types of business organization
- •5. Answer the questions.
- •Translate the following.
- •Lesson 8
- •Infinitives
- •1. Translate the following
- •2. Translate the following.
- •3. Translate the following
- •4. Translate the following.
- •5. Translate the following.
- •6. Study carefully this pattern and translate the following.
- •7. Study carefully this pattern and translate the following.
- •8. Translate the text. Money
- •9. Answer the questions.
- •Lesson 9 participle 1
- •Examine carefully the following.
- •2. Translate the following.
- •3. Study carefully the following.
- •Independent clause with participle 1
- •4. Translate the following sentences.
- •5. Translate the text. Growth of the organization
- •Answer the questions.
- •Lesson 10
- •1. Elementary gerund
- •2. Gerund clause
- •3. Abridged gerund clause
- •4. Translate the text. Banking transactions
- •5. Answer the questions.
- •Additional exercises
- •1. Subject with the Infinitive.
- •2. Object with the infinitive
- •4. Infinitives as clauses of purpose.
- •5. Infinitives as attributes.
- •6. All infinitive constructions.
- •7. Participle 1 as attribute.
- •8. Participle 1 as adverbial.
- •9. Participle 1 in an independent clause.
- •10. All constructions with participle 1.
- •11. Elementary gerund.
- •12. Gerund clause.
7. Look at this grammatical pattern and translate the expressions
Leisure time = свободного времени
Street traffic = уличное движение
Ozone hole = озоновая дыра
Ozone hole extension = расширение озоновой дыры
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brick wall
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wall bricks
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story title
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title story
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sugar cane
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cane sugar
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interest rate
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company management
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consumer goods
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consumer goods production
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consumer goods production growth
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consumer goods production growth rate
Lesson 2 passive voice
1. Examine carefully the way the sentences are transformed into the passive voice.
1. John attends the University classes daily.
2. The University classes are attended by John daily.
3. Now he is attending a lecture on history.
4. A lecture on history is being attended by him.
5. They constructed this plant last year.
6. This plant was constructed last year
7. She will invite him to her birthday party.
8. He will be invited to her birthday party.
9. John has taken his first exam.
10. The first exam has been taken by John successfully.
2. Now transform the following sentences into the passive voice.
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John didn’t attend the lectures yesterday.
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He has borrowed this book from the library.
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He will return it in a week.
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They are attending this lecture.
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They produce high-quality shoes.
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She usually buys expensive shoes.
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This shop sells mass-produced cheap footwear.
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He invented a new method of doing so.
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They will buy new equipment for their factory.
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They have already checked their translations.
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We cannot translate this letter because we have no dictionary.
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They must attend this meeting.
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She will manage our department.
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They will have appointed her by Monday.
3. Make sentences in the Passive Voice using these expressions.
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To open the door
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To close the window
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To visit friends
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To repair the flat
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To take a taxi
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To borrow books from the library
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To see a new film
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To buy a new car
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To repair the car
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To finish work
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To attend lectures
4. Translate the text. Economic activity
Most people work to earn a living, and produce goods and services. Goods are either produced in the agricultural sector (like milk, vegetable, fruit) or manufactured at plants and factories (like pen, paper, and cars). Services are such things as education, medicine, and commerce. They are provided by people who are called employees. Some people provide goods, some provide services. Some other people provide both goods and services. For example, in the same garage a car can be bought or some service can be obtained in order to maintain this car or to repair it.
The work people do in exchange for payment is called economic activity. The economic system of a town, of a city, of a country, of the world is made up of all economic activities together of these respective communities. Countries differ in their economic activities. The work people undertake either provides them with what they need or provide the money with which they can buy essential commodities. Of course, most people hope to earn enough money to buy commodities and services, which are non-essential, but which provide some particular personal satisfaction, like books, visits to the cinema, trips, etc.
There are two extreme forms of economic arrangements of the economic activity: privately owned economy and State-owned one. The former is often called as ‘free market economy’; the latter is associated with the term ‘command economy’. This type of economy dominated in the former socialist countries. If complete freedom of economic activity is allowed this can create difficulties, because the freedoms of various individuals or individual companies often conflict. Laws have been created to regulate economic activity, and they are concerned with working conditions, worker’s health, wages, pensions, and location of places of work.
Even in the most dedicated free enterprise systems, such as the USA, a need for some degree of State control of the economy has been felt. Some developing countries are interested in control and log-term planning. Such countries as India have a number of plans to guide the economy. They are enacted by the government. Such systems where both private and public sectors coexist are often called as countries with mixed economy.