4. Ответьте на вопросы, выбрав подходящий по смыслу вариант ответа.

1.	How does	a doctor help us?	grows all kinds of corn
2.	What does	a teacher do?	and vegetables for us;
3.	Who	a hairdresser	bakes bread for us;
		a barber	brings us letters and
		a postman	telegrams;
		a baker	cuts hair and shaves
		a miner	men;
		a worker	cuts and dresses
		a dressmaker	women's hair;
		an engine driver	makes our clothes;
		a lawyer	cures the ill and old;
		a farmer	digs coal for us;
			teaches us to solve
			problems right, how
			to count, to read and
			write;
			makes cars, planes and
			other things;
			sees that the laws of
			the country are obeyed;
			drives trains for us.

5. Поставьте общие вопросы к данным утвержде­ниям. Дайте на них краткие и полные отрицательные ответы.

Образец Л : I trust a) Do you trust him? -

him. No, I don't.

I don't trust him.

She trusts b) Does she trust him? - No, she doesn't. She doesn't trust him.

1. 1. I know him well. 2. The children often swim in this river. 3. We pick apples in July. 4. The taxes rise every three days. 5. They sing well. 6. The children make terrible noise.

2. 1. Our English teacher speaks three foreign lan­guages. 2. This man usually wears a hat. 3. She wants to learn Spanish. 4. Annie comes from Wales. 5. It takes me ten minutes to get to school. 6. She knows English well.

Образец Б: The boy did his homework and watched TV.

Did the boy do his homework and watch TV? - Yes, he did. (No, he didn't).

а) 1. I waited for you. 2. She saved up to go abroad. 3. They arrived here an hour ago. 4. I recognized the man. 5. He refused to answer the questions. 6. We asked the teacher a lot of questions about England.

б) 1. He sold his car. 2. The police caught the thief. 3. We heard a terrible noise in the street. 4. We met him at my friend's birthday party. 5. My mother taught En­glish at school. 6. My brother learnt German well.

Образец В: I will remember this day all my life.

Will you remember this day all your life?

Yes, I will. (No, I won't).

1. We shall move to a new flat next week. 2. I shall open the door for you. 3. She will come and see me after classes. 4. He will take this letter to the post. 5. You will get your visa, if you fill in this form. 6. A dog will obey his owner but cat will not.

6. Поставьте предложения в вопросительную и от­рицательную формы.

1. Den studies at the University. 2. They usually buy newspapers in the morning. 3. The teacher asks many questions. 4. He entered the Law faculty. 5. My friend saw an interesing film yesterday. 6. They got to the coun­try by bus. 7. Nick will work as a teacher. 8. We shall make coffee for him. 9. Her cousin will go abroad next week.

6. Поставьте вопросы к выделенным словам.

1. The train leaves at 9. 2. We have supper at 8 p. m. 3. Old ladies like to sit by fire. 4. His grandparents live in Gomel. 5. He visits his grandparents very often. 6. Her brother made three mistakes in his test. 7. He worked at a plant last year. 8. They will remember this day for ever. 9. She has a headache, so she will not go to school. 10. He will buy this interesting book.

6. Спросите, используя модель и предложенные слова:

Do you know a) who works under the earth?

I wonder в) whose work deals with animals?

I'd like to know

a) (in the open air, sits (stands) all day long, has dirty work, stressful job, adopts laws of the country).

в) with (sick people, our food, brain work, writing books, painting pictures, making discoveries).

6. Ответьте на следующие вопросы:

а) Do you live far from school?

Does it take you long to get to school?

Does your English teacher often ask you at the lessons?

Haw many lessons do you have every day?

Does your mother know English or French?

You often listen to the radio, don't you?

You don't go to the library every day, do you?

Who usually speaks English with you?

Which of you in the family swims well?

Whose brother drives a car very well?

How many pets live in your flat (house)?

б) Did you go to the theatre yesterday?

At what age did you start to learn English? Who helped you in choosing your future profession? Who used to help you with your studies at school? Where did you use to spend your holidays? Haw many friends came to your last birthday? Whose family lived in the country last summer.

в) Will you try to enter any university after leaving school?

Will you take your final exams in May or in June? Will you continue your studies or join the army after school?

You won't go to the seaside this summer, will you? r) Are you going to watch TV tonight!

How are you going to spend the week-end? Which of you is going to take part in the conference? Are you going to become a lawyer or an economist? You are going to take English at the entrance exami­nations, aren't you?

6. Раскройте скобки, употребив нужную видо-вре менную форму глаголов.

1. Nurses (look) after patients in hospitals. 2. Ann plays the piano, but she (not, play) it very well. 3. In Britain most shops (close) at 5.30 p. m. 4. At night when it (get) dark, they (switch) on the TV or the radio and (listen) to music. 5. Mr. Brown often (go) to the cinema but his wife (not to go) very often. She (prefer) to stay at home and to watch TV. 6. You (mind) if I ask you a question? - That (depend) on the question. - It (concern) your future. - Sorry, but I (not to want) to speak about it till I (pass) my final exams at school. 7. His mother often (tell) him that he (spend) too much money but he never (listen). 8. I didn't want to meet Robert so when he (enter) the room I (leave). 9. I (learn) to drive a car some years ago. 10. He (cross) the street and (go) towards the city park. 11. As soon as you (come) home, I'll phone you. 12. If you (enter) the Institute, your parents will be happy. 13. If it (rain) we shall stay at home. 14. I will not write to him unless he (write) to me. 15. You (stop) interrupting! I'll never get finished this letter if you (not to keep) quiet.

12. Употребите следующие пословицы в кратких си туациях.

1. One man does not make a team.

2. Too much knowledge makes the head bald.

3. Don't trouble trouble till trouble troubles you.

4. Time works wonders.

5. Good clothes open all doors.

6. Fornute favours the brave.

Continuous Tenses (Длительные времена)

Времена группы Continuous обозначают длительное действие, которое происходит, происходило или будет происходить в указанный момент или период времени в настоящем, прошедшем или будущем:

Continuous Tenses образуются при помощи вспомога­тельного глагола to be (в соответствующем времени груп­пы Indefinite) и причастия настоящего времени (смысло­вого глагола).

be + Ving

Present Continuous	am, is, are reading
Past Continuous	was/were reading
Future Continuous	shall/will be reading
Future Continuous-in-	should^ be reading would
the-Past

I am translating the text now.

He was translating the text at 3 o'clock yesterday.

We'll be translating the text at 3 o'clock tomorrow. He said that they would be translating the text at this time tomorrow.

В вопросительных предложениях первый вспомога­тельный глагол стоит перед подлежащим, а в отрица­тельных предложениях частица not стоит после первого вспомогательного глагола.

Are the children playing now? — No, they are not playing now. Will you be working when I come? - No, I shan't be working at that time. What are you doing now? - I am playing chess.

Момент протекания действия может быть указан сле­дующим образом: в Present Continuous словами: now, at this moment, но их наличие не обязательно, поскольку сама форма выражает, что действие совершается в момент речи.

Listen! Somebody is Послушайте! Кто-то играет

playing the piano. на пианино.

Present Continuous может употребляться с обстоя­тельствами времени today, this week, this evening и др., когда мы хотим подчеркнуть более широкий период протекания длительного действия, хотя и не обязатель­но в момент речи.

Is Mr. Brawn working М-р Браун работает на this week? этой неделе?

- No, he is on holiday. - Нет, у него отпуск.

Present Continuous употребляется, если мы говорим об изменениях, происходящих вокруг нас.

The polution of the air is Загрязнение воздуха ухуд- getting worse. шается.

Present Continuous часто употребляется для выраже­ния будущего запланированного действия. В таких предло­жениях обычно имеется обстоятельство времени, указы­вающее на будущее время.

We are taking the final Мы сдаем выпускные экза- exams in June. мены в июне.

Present Continuous употребляется для выражения по­стоянной привычки, наклонности и выражает неодобре­ние, нетерпение, сопровождаясь наречиями always, all the time, too often, constantly.

You are always loosing Ты всегда что-то теряешь, something.

She is always complain- Она всегда жалуется, ing.

Следует помнить, что глаголы, выражающие чувства, восприятие, желание, умственное состояние, не упо­требляются во временах группы Continuous, так как они не могут выражать действие или состояние как процесс. Такие глаголы как love, like, have, see, notice, hear, feel, want, wish, desire, know, understand, remem­ber, forget, recognize, seem, believe и др. употребляются в одном из времен группы Indefinite.

Do you hear the noise in Ты слышишь шум на ули- the street? це?

I want to eat. Я хочу есть.

В Past и Future Continuous для указания на опреде­ленный период протекания длительного действия могут употребляться следующие обстоятельства времени: at that time, at 2 o'clock (yesterday/tomorrow), at noon, at midnight, while (для указания двух одновременных дли­тельных действий), the whole evening, all day long, from nine till eleven и др., а также придаточные предложе­ния времени с глаголом в Past Indefinite или Present Indefinite (для указания определенного момента в буду­щем). Все времена группы Continuous переводят на рус­ский язык глаголом несовершенного вида.

The doorbell rang when Раздался звонок в дверь, I was watching TV. когда я смотрел телевизор.

I'll be sleeping when you Я буду спать, когда ты вер-

return. нешься.

I'll be doing my home- Я буду делать домашнее

work while my mother задание в то время, как

will be cooking dinner. мама будет готовить обед.

Future Continuous-in-the-Past употребляется в при­даточных предложениях для описания будущего длительного действия, когда глагол в главном предло­жении стоит в прошедшем времени.

Не said that he would be Он сказал, что будет рабо- working in the library тать в библиотеке с 9 до 11 from 9 till 11 o'clock. часов.

Упражнения

1. Проанализируйте времена сказуемого в следую­щих предложениях.

а) 1. The students are translating the sentences from English into Russian now. 2. The teacher is listening to them. 3. You are making a lot of mistakes in your answer. 4. You are always talking at the lessons. 5. They are leaving for Moscow tomorrow. 6. The economic situation is bad and it is getting worse.

б) 1. The secretory was typing the manager's report at 10 o'clock yesterday morning. 2. What were the children doing the whole evening? - They were swimming in the river. 3. Who was talking on the telephone at that time? 4. Who were you talking to when I came in? 5. My mother was weeding the flower beds while my father was cutting the grass. 6. It was raining the whole day yesterday.

в) 1. We shall be writing a dictation at two o'clock to­morrow. 2. The children will be sleeping when their par­ents come home. 3. I shall be decorating a new-year tree while my mother will be making a cake. 4. They will be discussing this matter at this time tomorrow. 5. The teacher said that we should be writing a test at 2 o'clock.

2. Поставьте глагол в the Past и the Future Continuous, употребив соответствующие индикаторы времени.

1. The child is sleeping now. 2. Nina is having a lec­ture now. 3. The family is sitting at the table and having dinner. 4. What are you doing tonight? 5. The girl is looking for her note-book. 6. The students are preparing for their exams. 7. It is snowing hard.

3. Образуйте четыре типа вопросительных предло­жений.

Образец: The boy is crying.

• Is the boy crying?

• Is the boy crying or laughing?

Who is crying? What is the boy doing?

The boy is crying, isn't he?

1. The children are reading an interesting book. 2. The bus is going to Brest. 3. We were waiting for our friends. 4. Pete was hurrying to the theatre. 5. You will be work­ing at the report. 6. We shall be watching TV in the evening.

4. Поставьте вопросы и ответьте на них по образ цу. Выразите действие как длительное.

Образец: Clean the room. What are you doing? - I am cleaning the room.

What were you doing? - I was cleaning the room.

What will you be doing? - I will be cleaning the room.

1. Go home. 2. Eat the soup. 3. Do your homework. 4. Learn the rule. 5. Speak English. 6. Lay the table. 7. Press your clothes. 8. Spell the word. 9. Open the book. 10. Read the text.

4. Раскройте скобки, употребив нужную видо времен-ную форму глагола.

   1. My teacher (speak) over the telephone now. 2. Where is Ann? - She (play) tennis. 3. Please, don't make so much noise. Father (work) in the study. 4. Don't disturb me. I (watch) a war movie. 5. We (ski) the whole day yesterday. 6. What you (discuss) at the meeting yesterday? 7. When I came to the party all guests (dance). 8. I (learn) English the whole day tomorrow. I am having my exams soon.

      9. While Kate (wash up) Ann was making sandwiches.

      10. While my mother was cooking dinner I (lay) the table.

          6. Ответьте на вопросы о планируемых действиях в будущем.

Образец. What are you doing tonight? I'm going to the cinema.

а) 1. What time is your mother coming home tomorrow?

2. Are you meeting her at home or at the bus stop?

3. Is your brother getting married next month?

4. What time are you leaving home tomorrow?

5. Are you going to the dentist on Monday or on Tuesday?

6. Are you having dinner at home or at your fritnd's tomorrow?

б) 1. Are you going to see a film on television tonight?

2. Are you going to clean the windows in your room?

3. Is it going to rain now?

4. Who are you going to invite to your birthday party?

5. Is your father going to give up smoking?

6. What are you going to cook for dinner today?

7. Переведите предложения, употребив the Present Continuous для выражения планируемого действия в будущем.

1. Он уезжает в Англию через два дня. 2. Я пойду к зубному врачу в понедельник. 3. Мы обедаем у друзей в воскресенье. 4. Поезд приходит в 12. 5. Денис женится в августе. 6. Что ты делаешь завтра вечером? 7. Когда придет Анна? 8. Ты встретишь ее на вокзале? 9. Вы уже уходите? 10. Я иду завтра в театр. 11. Ты не работаешь сегодня вечером, не так ли? 12. Ты придешь к нам в субботу? - Извините, но я играю в волейбол. Разве ты не хочешь присоединиться к нам? 13. Они уезжают в Испанию на каникулы. 14. Вы готовы? Гости прибудут с минуты на минуту. 15. Они купили новую квартиру и переезжают на следующей неделе.

Perfect Tenses (Совершенные времена)

Времена группы Perfect употребляются для выраже­ния законченного действия, совершившегося к опреде­ленному моменту в настоящем или предшествующего действия по отношению к какому-то моменту в прош­лом и будущем.

Perfect Tenses образуются при помощи вспомога­тельного глагола to have (в соответствующем времени группы Indefinite) и причастия прошедшего времени (Participle II) смыслового глагола.

to have + Participle II

Present Perfect	have/has done
Past Perfect	had done
Future Perfect	shall/will have done
Future Perfect in the Past	should
	have done
	would

She has already left for Moscow.

She had left for Moscow before I arrived. She will have left for Moscow before I arrive. She said that she would have left for Moscow before I arrived.

Она уже уехала в Москву.

Она уехала в Москву до того, как я приехал. Она уедет в Москву до того, как я приеду. Она сказала, что уедет в Москву до того, как я приеду.

В вопросительных предложениях первый вспомога­тельный глагол ставится перед подлежащим, а в отри­цательных предложениях частица not употребляется после первого вспомогательного глагола.

Have you learnt this Yes, I have,

poem by heart? - No, I haven't learnt it yet.

Will you have done it No, I won't have done it by

before I come? - that time.

Present Perfect употребляется для описания событий, которые произошли в еще неистекший период времени, или который продолжался вплоть до настоящего време­ни, а также при наличии наречий неопределенного времени: today, this week/year/month, already, ever, ne­ver, often, yet (в отрицательных предложениях со зна­чением еще и в общих вопросах со значением уже), just, for (a long time), for two hours, up to now, since; при наличии слов it is the first (second) time...; в письмах, в первом вопросе и ответе, начинающих беседу о прошлых событиях.

Present Perfect в отличие от Past Indefinite (которое выражает действие, свершившееся в истекшем отрезке времени) выражает связь прошлого действия с настоя­щим благодаря наличию результата сейчас. Present Per­fect никогда не употребляется в вопросах, начинаю­щихся с вопросительного слова when).

Сравните:

а) The lift has broken Лифт сломался. (приходит down. ся ходить сейчас пешком)

The lift broke down. Лифт сломался. (возмож­

но, он уже снова работает) When did the lift break? Когда сломался лифт?

Не has smoked for two (He continues smoking) years.

He smoked for two (and then stopped smoking) years.

б) I'm sorry I haven't writ- Извините, что я не писал ten before because I've раньше, но я был занят been very busy lately. последнее время.

в) Where have you been? - I've been to the cinema. What did you see?

What was the film? - (I saw) Hamlet.

Did you like it? - Yes, I enjoyed it.

It is the second time I've Я смотрел этот фильм вто-

seen this film. - рой раз.

Have you seen this film Вы уже смотрели этот

yet? фильм?

No, I haven't seen it yet. Нет, я его еще не видел.

Past Perfect и Future Perfect

Past Perfect представляет собой «предпрошедшее» время по отношению к другому моменту в прошлом, до которого закончилось действие; в то время как Future Perfect употребляетсся для выражения будущего дейст­вия, которое совершитсся к определенному моменту в будущем.

Этот момент в прошлом и будущем может быть выра­жен следующими указаниями времени: by that time by two o'clock, by Sunday, by the end of the year/month, a также другим прошедшим действием, выраженным в Past Indefinite (Past Perfect) и будущим действием в Present Indefinite (Future Perfect).

The students had passed Студенты сдали экзамен к the exam by 2 o'clock двум часам (вчера), (yesterday).

The students will have Студенты сдадут экзамен к passed the exam by 2 2 часам (завтра), o'clock (tomorrow).

Past Perfect употребляется, когда прерывается по­следовательность описываемых действий в прошлом упо­минанием о ранее совершившихся действиях.

Ann came home late. She Анна пришла домой позд- had been to the theatre. но. Она была в театре. Она She had supper and went поужинала и легла спать, to bed.

Past Perfect употребляется в главном предложении при наличии наречий hardly, no sooner (в последующем придаточном предложении употреблено Past Indefinite).

No sooner I had done my He успел я сделать homework, than my домашнее задание, как

friends came. пришли друзья.

Future Perfect-in-the Past употребляется в придаточ­ных дополнительных предложениях для выражения будущего действия, которое совершится к определенно­му моменту, когда глагол в главном предложении упо­треблен в прошедшем времени.

The teacher said that he Учитель сказал, что вер- would have returned нется из Лондона к перво-

from London by the 1st му сентября, of September.

Времена группы Perfect переводятся на русский язык соответственно настоящим, прошедшим и буду­щим временем глагола совершенного вида.

Упражнения

1. Проанализируйте времена сказуемого в следую­щих предложениях.

а) 1. I haven't seen you for ages. 2. We have already discussed this problem. 3. He has never been to England.

4. Have you seen this film yet? - No, I haven't seen it.

5. Have you ever been abroad? - Yes, I have. 6. I have known them for three years. 7. Have you spoken with your teacher today? 8. After I have done my homework, I shall go for a walk. 9. I haven't decided yet where to continue my studies. 10. We haven't met her since we left school.

б) 1. We had got to the theatre by 6 o'clock. 2. When we arrived, the performance had just begun. 3. They had met long before they left school. 4. By the end of the year he had learnt a lot of new English words. 5. I saw the film after I had read the novel. 6. No sooner had we got home, than it became dark.

в) 1. I shall have translated the text by 5 o'clock. 2. We shall have passed our final exams by the end of June. 3. He will have read this book by tomorrow. 4. It will have stopped raining before we leave the party. 5. The manager will have signed the documents after we have discussed the contract in detail. 6. He said that he had bought a present for his friend's birthday.

2. Поставьте предложения в отрицательную и воп росителъную форму.

1. They have received a new flat this year. 2. She has been to Italy. 3. They have already heard the news. 4. I have known his father. 5. He had worked at a plant before the army. 6. We had studied German before we began to study English. 7. She had written the letter by 5 o'clock. 8. The children will have done their homework before their parents come home. 9. It will have stopped raining by noon.

2. Ответьте на вопросы.

   1. Have you ever read English books in the original?

   2. Have you ever been abroad?

   3. Has your sister ever been to England?

   4. Have you ever played any musical instrument?

   5. Who has phoned you?

   6. Which of you has never seen mountains?

   7. What exams had you passed before your English?

   8. Where had you studied before entering the University?

   9. By what time will you have finished your work?

3. Скажите, что вы выполнили задание.

Образец: Do your homework. — I have already (just)

done it.

1. Clean the room. 2. Do your hair. 3. Have a good rest. 4. Make coffee. 5. Pack your things. 6. Close the door. 7. Give up smoking. 8. Tell me the truth. 9. Buy a new coat. 10. Finish the work. 11. Have breakfast. 12. In­vite him to come.

2. Преобразуйте предложения, употребив the Past и the Future Perfect.

Образец: I was reading a book at 5 o'clock.

• I had read a book by 5 o'clock yesterday.

• I shall have read a book by 5 o'clock tomorrow.

1. She was making dinner at that time. 2. We were translating the text when you came. 3. They were writing a dictation when I entered the classroom. 4. The students were taking their exams from 9 till 12 o'clock. 5. He was having a shower when the telephone rang. 6. The boys were playing foootball when it began to rain.

6. Раскройте скобки, употребив нужную видо-вре- менную форму глагола.

1. You (see) this film? 2. He (be) at the cinema with you? 3. You (taste) the cake? 4. The pupils (not, do) their exercises yet. 5. I (not, meet) my school friend for many years. 6. She told me everything about him after he (leave). 7. When we arrived the concert already (begin). 8. I asked him what countries he (visit). 9. I hope you (come) home from school by 2 o'clock. 10. I (finish) everything by the time you get back tomorrow. 11. If we don't hurry the sun (set) before we reach the top. 12. I saw Tom yesterday but I (not to see) him today. 13. You ever (drive) a car? - No, this is the first time I (drive) a car. 14. The tourists just (arrive) in London and everything (be) new for them. 15. He went back to his home town and was surprised that the town (change) a lot. 16. We are late. The performance already (start) by the time we get to the theatre.