Indefinite Tenses

Упр. 6

1. Does Den study..., doesn't study, 2. do they buy, they don't buy, 3. does the teacher ask, the teacher doesn't ask, 4. Did he enter, he didn't enter, 5. did your friend see, he didn't see, 6. did they get, they didn't get.

6. will Nick work, Nick won't work, 8. shall we make, we shan't make, 9. will her cousin go abroad, Her cousin will not go abroad.

Упр. 10

1. look, 2. doesn't, 3. close, 4. gets, switch, listen,

5. goes, doesn't go, prefers, 6. Don't you mind, depends, concerns, don't want, pass, 7. tells, spends, listens,

   8. entered, left, 9. learned, 10. crossed, went, 11. come,

      12. enter, 13. rains, 14. writes, 15. will you stop..., don't keep.

Continuous Tenses

Упр. 5

1. is speaking, 2. is playing, 3. is working, 4. am watching, 5. were skiing, 6. were you discussing, 7. were dancing, 8. shall be learning, 9. was washing up, 10. was laying

Упр. 7

1. Не is leaving for England in two days. 2. I'm going to the dentist on Monday. 3. We are having dinner at our friends' on Sunday. 4. The train is arriving at 12. 5. Denis is getting married in August. 6. What are you doing tomorrow evening? 7. When is Ann coming? 8. Are you meeting her at the station? 9. Are you leaving already? 10. I'm going to the theatre tomorrow. 11. You aren't working tonight, are you? 12. Are you coming to our place on Saturday? — Sorry, but I'm playing, football. Don't you want to join us? 13. They are going to Spain for the holidays. 14. Are you ready? The guests are coming any minute. 15. They've bought a new flat and are moving into it next week.

Perfect Tenses

Упр. 6

1. Have you seen, 2. Has he been, 3. Have you tasted, 4. have not done, 5. haven't met, 6. had left, 7. had already begun, 8. had visited, 9. will have come. 10. shall have finished, 11. will have set, 12. haven't seen, 13. Have you ever driven..., have driven, 14. have just arrived, is, 15. had changed, will hare started

Perfect Continuous Tenses

Упр. 4

1) have been reading, read, 2) has been living, was, 3) had been skating, 4) have been lying, 5) will have been learning, 6) have they been working, 7) has Ann been translating, 8) has been raining, 9) have you been driving, are been driving, 10) have been looking for, 11) had you been saving, 12) had been travelling, 13) shall have been watching, 14) had been working

Сравнительная характеристика форм настоящего времени

Упр. 2

1) с 2) а 3) а 4) а

Упр. 3

1) а 2) с 3) с 4) в

Упр. 4

1) do not build, use 2) drinks, is drinking, 3) is raining, haven't got 4) is reading, 5) have never won (win), 6) are having, are talking, 7) do you believe, don't believe, do you read, 8) do you hear, is blowing, 9) am looking, don't see, 10) borrows, remembers

Упр. 6

works at a plant.

My father is working now. Don't call him.

has been working here for many years.

speaks several foreign languages.

Our teacher has been speaking on the telephone for 10 minutes already, is speaking to the Headmaster now.

waits for me at the entrance door (usually).

He is waiting till I finish writing the letter.

has been waiting for me for about an hour.

rains very often in autumn.

It is raining today. Take an umbrella.

has been raining for 3 hours.

Упр. 7

1) opens, closes, 2) take place, 3) doesn't grow, 4) don't est, 5) is boiling, 6) is not raining, is shining, 7) is waiting, 8) do you believe, 9) don't remember, 10) do you see, 11) have just done, 12) have already had, 13) has gone, 14) have drunk, 15) has driven, has never driven, 16) have you ever been, have never gone, 17) has been raining, 18) have you been learning, have been learning, 19) is still looking for, has been looking for, 20) is still watching, has been watching, 21) goes, has been going, is going, 22) have you heard, haven't seen, 23) get, 24) are, 25) doesn't come, 26) make

Сравнительная характеристика форм прошедшего времени

Упр. 2

1) б, 2) а, 3) а, 4) б

Упр. 3

1) was having, got out, went; 2) was travelling; 3) were doing; 4) were playing, heard, hid, took; 5) didn't allow, was blowing; 6) heard, went, opened, didn't recognize, was wearing; 7) were sitting, were watching, was knitting, were reading, smiled, said.

Упр. 4

1) had parked; 2) had been driving; 3) had finished; 4) had been doing; 5) had lived; 6) had written; 7) had fulfilled; 8) hadn't arrived; 9) had been sleeping.

Упр. 5

1) filled, went, 2) was looking for, found, 3) was walking, opened, threw, 4) found, was digging, had belonged, 5) flew, did you see, 6) left, cut, 7) had been working, retired, went 8) didn't you lend, was reading, 9) were, didn't disturb, 10) hadn't seen, 11) went, was, had never been, 12) arrived, had gone, 13) was, got, had gone, 14) had... worked, had been working, 15) had been lying, 16) had known, 17) was waiting, had been waiting, was, was, 18) woke, was sitting, had just turned, had been watching, 19) had been waiting, realized, had arrived, was hurrying.

Упр. 6

1. He entered the University last year. He entered the University after he had worked at a plant.

2. He wrote the report yesterday. He had written the report before going to the meeting.

3. He broke his leg when a child. He had broken his leg and couldn't take part in the competition.

4. He had arrived in Minsk by 2 o'clock. He arrived in Minsk two hours ago.

Сравнительная характеристика форм будущего времени

Упр. 2

1) в, 2) б, 3) а, 4) б

Упр. 3

1) shall call, will translate, 2) will do, shall be, 3) shall be sitting, 4) shall go, 5) shall cut, 6) shall ask, 7) shall be waiting, 8) shall make 9) will be putting, 10) will be, will learn, 11) shall know

Упр. 4

1) shall have finished, 2) shall have saved, 3) shall have been translating, 4) will have been working, 5) will have been married, 6) shall have been living, 7) shall have lost, 8) will have left.

Упр. 5

1) I shall work in the library tomorrow. I shall be working in the library from 2 till 3 o'clock tomorrow. 2) My friend will read the book in some days. My friend will have read the book by the evening. 3) He will have passed his exams by three o'clock tomorrow. He will pass his exams next week. 4) You will listen to your favourite music tomorrow. You will be listening to your favourite music at 2 o'clock tomorrow.

Обзорные упражнения

Упр. 4

1) did you learn, taught, 2) was, went, fell, 3) has broken, haven't done, was, 4) did...write, 5) has written, 6) have lost, 7) lost, came, 8) got, 9) have improved, 10) was discovered, 11) did, has forgotten, 12) failed, has passed, 13) did he arrive, arrived, 14) did you lock, 15) read, enjoyed, 16) haven't seen, 17) hasn't smo­ked

Упр. 5

а) 1) does he do, plays, watches, 2) is raining, have not, 3) leaves, 4) speaks, don't understand, 5) is making, makes, 6) wears, 7) don't like, 8) am wearing, 9) is reading, 10) am redecorating, 11) is boiling, 12) Are you enjoying, am enjoying, want, 13) do you get, 14) go, am going

б) 1) did you damage, ran, were driving, were going, 2) was getting, started, fell, 3) called, 4) heard, went, opened, didn't recognize, was wearing, 5) was crossing, stepped, fell, was lying, saw, saw, stopped.

в) 1) have worked 2) have heard, 3) have been planting, 4) have been polishing, 5) has been teaching, 6) have taught, have never met,

г) 1) shall post, 2) will dance, 3) shall be sitting won't be reading, will be looking, 4) will go up, 5) will change, 6) will come

Упр. 6

1) had lived, went, 2) has lost, 3) wrote, 4) have not seen, 5) have closed, 6) have not finished, 7) did, was, 8) went, 9) has ... come, 10) have ... been, spent, did ... have, stopped, 11) has begun, 12) have ... had, had,

13. began, lasted, enjoyed.

Упр. 8

1) has ... come, has, did he come, came, 2) has a rest, 3) has been waiting, didn't you come, 4) have you been translating, have you translated, 5) had returned, 6) shall be having, 7) had been studying, 8) studies, went, read, learned, translated, 9) have you ever been, have, was, will be, 10) will write, have 11) will have been working, 12) had you learnt, 13) met, studied, have known,

13. have decided, shall/will miss you, go.

Упр. 9

1) has been, likes, 2) asked, told, have been waiting, hasn't come, 3) will you do (are you doing), depends, is, shall go, is, shall stay, 4) had, were negotiating, 5) will ... say, won't say, won't lend, 6) have been, am going, will let 7) had been waiting, was wearing, 8) haven't seen, have you been, returned, had you stayed, had lived, 9) had got, knew, had been, working, haven't seen, left,

10. opened, saw, was listening, wondered, had heard asked, invited, turned, ran, was doing, have never seen,

11. have been standing, had already gone, 12) is slowly sinking, are trying, have been working, have found, will have sunk.

Упр. 10

1. The telephone is ringing. Will anybody answer? 2. Ann been ill all this week. She caught a cold when she was on a business trip. 3. I fell asleep when I had seen all the films on TV. 4. If you help me, I'll finish this work today. 5) If it doesn't stop raining, we shan't go for a walk tomorrow. 6) I have never been to London. I'm going to visit the capital of Great Britain next summer. 7) When the parents returned home, the child was sleeping. 8. Excuse me, how do I get to the nearest department store? 9) Where do they sell ready-made clothes? 10) How much does this coat cost? 11. How's life? I haven't seen you for ages. I've worked in England for two years. 12. Happy holidays to you. — The same to you. When are you going to come back to Minsk? I'll be in Minsk at the end of August.

Модальные глаголы

Упр. 3

1) Could (can), 2) shall not be able, 3) could, 4) could;

5. can, 6) can, could, 7) could, couldn't, 8) could't,

   9. shall be able, 10) could (can), 11) can, 12) could, 13) was able to, 13) shall not be able to, 14) can

Упр. 4

10 needn't; 2) had to, 3) must, 4) had to, 5) must,

5. must, have to, 7) mustn't, 8) needn't, 9) needn't

Упр. 6

1) must (may), 2) mustn't, 3) could (can), 4) mustn't, 5) mustn't, 6) may, 7) must, 8) may, may, 9) may, may not, 10) may, 11) cannot

Упр. 7

1) can, cannot, 2) was able to, 3) could, 4) will be able to, 5) needn't, 6) mustn't, 7) had to, 8) was to, 9) should,

10. should, 11) must, 12) must

Упр. 8

1. Can you help me now? — Sorry, I can't. I must go home, I'll have to stay with my sister's son at home She had to go on business trip yesterday. I'll be able to help you tomorrow if you can wait. When are you to be at home? I promised to come home at seven in the evening. How often do you have to take care of your nephew? — When I can, I'm always ready to help my sister because she has to bring up her son alone. May I come to your place tonight? — Certainly, you may.

Страдательный залог

Упр. 5

1) б, 2) б, 3) а, 4) а Упр. 6

1. The books must be returned to the library. 2. The exercise can be done without any difficulty. 3. His parents should be taken care of. 4. The work must be done in time. 5. The translation shouldn't have been done in writing. 6. The dinner must be ready at 2. 7. The letter must be rewritten again. 8. This poem will have to be learnt by heart. 9. The exams are be taken in autumn.

Обзорные упражнения

Упр. 1

1. 1. will be built, 2) was painted, 3) is written, 4) is produced, 5) am searched; 6) have been published, 7) will be cut off, 8) was broken 9) is switched, 10) was invented 11) is being translated

2. 1. have been signed (will be signed), 2) will be translated, 3) is being constructed (has been constructed), 4) will have been built (had been bilt), 5) are exported, 6) Hasn't ...been translated, had translated

Упр. 4

1) is known, has never been played, 2) was being shown, had not been told, 3) is not being played, 4) were working, 5) had been introduced, were dancing, were singing, 6) was told, will be examined, 7) had discussed, 8) was raining, were broken; 9) will have been repaired, 10) is taught; 11) was given, is called, calls, 12) was introduced, shall not recognize, 13) have not seen

Согласование времен

Упр. 2

1) б 2) б 3) б 4) в

Упр. 4

1) that she is ill, 2) were fond of music, 3) he would help, 4) would enter, 5) you studied at the Linguistic college, 6) were 18 years old 7) it would be difficult to keep my promise, 8) we would be travelling along the Caucasian mountains during our holidays.

Упр. 5

1) I was sure that he would be glad to see you. 2) I knew that they had received our letter. 3) We thought that they had gone to the South, 4) She understood that she had not been right, 5) I hoped that the weather would change. 6) She told that she wanted to visit the Hermitage, 7) They promised that they would take part in that experiment. 8) We hoped that we would come to the station just in time.

Наклонение

Упр. 6 Упр. 5

1) в, 2) б, 3) а, 4) а 1) в, 2) в, 36, 4) б

Упр. 7

1) в, 2) б, 3) б 4) б Упр. 8

а) 1) had brought, 2) shouldn't come, 3) hadn't written, 4) had, 5) should have, 6) were, 7) drove, 8) would answer, 9) passed, 10) pressed, 11) had known, 12) wouldn't come, 13) were, 14) had worked, 15) should have stayed, 16) might have understood

б) 1. should take, 2) should revise, 3) should sign, 4) shouldn't sit up, 5) should pass, 6) should do, 7) shouldn't miss

в) 1. could, 2) came, 3) met, 4) had spent, 5) could have helped, 6) would be, 7) had known

Герундий

Упр. 3

1) of, 2) for, without, 3) on, 4) of, 5) to, 6) in, 7) -, 8)- Упр. 4

1) speaking, 2) congratulating, 3) talking, 4) being frightened, 5) climbing, 6) knowing, 7) being

Упр. 5

1) doing it, 2) discussing this question now, 3) visiting the exhibition, 4) seeing, 5) reminding him about it,

6. crying, 7) their telling us about it, 8) preparing for the report, 9) persuading him.

Упр. 6

1) Seeing the clown the audience burst out laughing. 2) The boy didn't deny his loosing the book. 3) The teacher insisted on the new words being written down. 4) This book is worth reading. 5) I don't approve your missing lessons. 6) I'm tired of being treated like a child.

6. I don't feel like going for a walk now. 8) I'm ashamed of having made so many mistakes in my last translation.

Обзорные упражнения

Упр. 1

a) 1. being, 2. having lived, 3. knowing, 4. lying, 5. published

б) 1. being late, 2. spending, gathering, 3. seeing, 4) discussing, going, arguing, 5. feeling, living

в) 1. to read, 2. to graduate, become, 3. to pass, to work, to keep, to go

г) 1. to see, 2. waiting, 3. seeing, 4. to lock, going,

5. not to speak, 6. to explain, to listen, 7. showing, 8. to understand, 9. playing, doing, 10. going, saying, 11. writing, waiting, 12. to give up smoking, 13. to drive, to be driven, 14. to start looking, 15) discussing, reaching, 16. spending, reaching, 16. spending, earning, 17. to eat.

Упр. 2

1. to lend, to take, 2. to open, 3. to avoid being, to be, waiting, 4. to get up, 5) ringing, to be coming, to open,

5. to go, to give, 7. to drive, 8. to sit, to hear, blowing, 9. writing, to do, to go, and see, 10. to come, standing

Наречие

Упр. 2.

1) happy, happily; 2) coldly, cold; 3) perfect, perfectly; 4) helpless, helplessly; 5) exact, exactly; 6) late, lately.

Упр. 3.

1) often get; 2) there tomorrow; 3) ever been; 4) never been; 5) just returned; 6) this film yet; 7) usually gets up; 8) always cooks; 9) is always; 10) enough money; 11) well enough.

Упр. 4.

1. She reads much. 2. Did you go anywhere yesterday? — No, we didn't go anywhere (went nowhere), we were at home yesterday. 3. I met him somewhere but I don't remember where it was. 4. We think that he is clever enough to understand us. 5. I shall never forget my school years. 6. The more you read the sooner you enrich your vocabulary. 7. Sooner or later his dream will come true, but the sooner the better for him. 8. He works hard at all subjects at school. 9. The plane was flying so high that I could hardly see it. 10. Speak louder, I don't hear anything (hear nothing).

Предлог

Упр. 6.

1) with; 2) by; 3) with; 4) with, by; 5) with; 6) with; 7) with; 8) with; 9) with;

Упр. 7.

1) up, up; 2) on, to; 3) to, of; 4) on, to; 5) of; 6) with; 7) at, in; 8) off; 9) to; 10) on.

Упр. 8.

of, with, in, on, of, from, in, in, in, in, on, on, by, to, in, during, in, of, of, —.

Упр. 9.

to the South, in the South, to school, to the University, to the cinema, to the shop, at school, at the University, at the cinema, at the shop, about the novel, about the writer, about the actress, about the picture; the books of the writer, the pictures of the artist, the streets of the town, the population of the republic, on the 21st of August 1991, on the first of January 1990.

Упр. 10.

1. My mother lives in the country but in winter she comes to our place and usually stays with us for a week or two. 2. On my way from the University I must buy tickets to the cinema. I also want to drop in the shop and to buy something for supper. 3. We have a nice two-room flat in the centre of the town. It is on the first floor in a new house. 4. The University is not far from our house.

5. There is no place between the sofa and the book-case.

6. There are no doctors among my friends. 7. My grand­father is sitting in the armchair in front of the TV set. 8. To my mind, your flat is too small for your family.

Союз

Упр. 3.

1) who; 2) when; 3) whom; 4) who; 5) that; 6) that; 7) where; 8) that.

Упр. 5.

1) both ... and; 2) both ... and; 3) neither ... nor; 4) either ... or; 5) either ... or; 6) either ... or; 7) both ... and; 8) both ... and; 9) either ... or; 10) neither ... nor.

Таблица нестандартных глаголов

Неопределенная		Прошедшее время			Причастие		Основное
форма		(Past Indefinite)			прошедшего		значение
(The Infinitive;					времени
				(Participle II)
be	[bi:]	was, were [wazy[wa]		been		[bi:n]	быть
become	[Ы'клт]	became	[bi'keim]	become		[Ы'клт]	становиться
begin	[bi'gin]	began	[bi'gxn]	begun		[Ы'длп]	начинать
break	[breik]	broke	[brouk]	broken		[broukn]	(с)ломать
bring	[brig]	brought [brat]		brought [brat]			приносить
build	[bild]	built	[bilt]	built		[bilt]	строить
burn	[ban]	burnt	[bant]	burnt		[bant]	жечь
buy	[bai]	bought	[bat]	bought		[bat]	покупать
catch	[ЬЛЛ	caught	[kat]	caught		[kat]	ловить
choose	Wu:z]	chose	[tfouz]	chosen		['tjouzn]	выбирать
come	[клт]	came	[keim]	come		[клт]	приходить
cost	[kost]	cost	[kost]	cost		[kost]	стоить
cut	[kAt]	cut	[kAt]	cut		[kAt]	резать
do	[du]	did	[did]	done		[dAn]	делать
draw	[dra]	drew	[dru:]	drawn		[dran]	рисовать
dream	[driim]	dreamt	[dremt]	dreamt		[dremt]	мечтать
		dreamed [dri:md]		dreamed [dri:md]
drink	[drigk]	drank	[dragk]	drunk		[drAgk]	пить
drive	[draiv]	drove	[drouv]	driven		['dri:vn]	ехать
eat	[it]	ate	[et]	eaten		['i:tn]	кушать,
fall	[fal]	fell	[fel]	fallen		['fal(3)n]	есть падать
feel	[fi:l]	felt	[felt]	felt		[felt]	чувствовать
fight	[fait]	fought	[fat]	fought		[fat]	сражаться
find	[faind]	found	[faund]	found		[faund]	находить
fly	[flai]	flew	[flu]	flown		[floun]	летать
forget	[fs'get]	forgot	[fa'got]	forgotten[fs'gotn]			забывать
forgive	[fs'giv]	forgave	[fa'geiv]	forgiven [fa'givn]			прощать
freeze	[fri:z]	froze	[frouz]	frozen		['frouzn]	замораживать
get	[get]	got	[got]	got		[got]	получать
give	[giv]	gave	[geiv]	given		['givn]	давать
go	[gou]	went	[went]	gone		[дэп]	идти
grow	[grou]	grew	[gru:]	grown		[groun]	расти
hang	[hxr|]	hung	[hA0]	hung		[Ьлд]	висеть,
		hanged	[ha'Qd]	hanged		[hxgd]]	вешать

Неопределенная		Прошедшее время		Причастие		Основное
	форма	(Past Indefinite)		прошедшего		значение
(The Infinitive)				времени
				(Participle II)
have	[hxv]	had	[hard]	had	[hard]	иметь
hear	[hU]	heard	[had]	heard	[had]	слышать
hide	[haid]	hid	[hid]	hidden	[hidn]	прятать(ся)
hold	[hould]	held	[held]	held	[held]	держать
hurt	[hat]	hurt	[hat]	hurt	[hat]	причинять
						боль
keep	[kip]	kept	[kept]	kept	[kept]	хранить
know	[nou]	knew	[nju:]	known	[noun]	знать
lay	[lei]	laid	[leid]	laid	[leid]	класть, поло­
						жить
lead	[lid]	led	[led]	led	[led]	вести
learn	[lan]	learnt	[lant]	learnt	[lant]	учить
		learned	[land]	learned	[land]
leave	[li:v]	left	[left]	left	[left]	оставлять
lend	[lend]	lent	[lent]	lent	[lent]	одолжать
let	[Let]	let	[let]	let	[let]	позволять
lie	[lai]	lay	[lei]	lain	[lein]	лежать
lose	[lu.z]	lost	[lost]	lost	[lost]	терять
make	[meik]	made	[meid]	made	[meid]	делать
mean	[mi:n]	meant	[ment]	meant	[ment]	подразумевать
meet	[mi:t]	met	[met]	met	[met]	встречать
pay	[pei]	paid	[peid]	paid	[peid]	платить
put	[put]	put	[put]	put	[put]	класть
read	[ri:d]	read	[red]	read	[red]	читать
ring	[rig]	rang	[rxg]	rung	[^rAQ]	звонить
rise	[raiz]	rose	[rouz]	risen	['rizn]	подниматься
run	[глп]	ran	[ran]	run	[глп]	бежать, течь
say	[sei]	said	[sed]	said	[sed]	говорить.
						сказать
see	[si:]	saw	[so:]	seen	[si:n]	видеть
sell	[sel]	sold	[sould]	sold	[sould]	продавать
send	[send]	sent	[sent]	sent	[sent]	посылать
set	[set]	set	[set]	set	[set]	садиться
						(о солнце)
sew	[sou]	sewed	[soud]	sewed	[soud]	шить
				sewn	[soun]
shake	[Jeik]	shook	[Juk]	shaken [*/eik(3)n]		трясти

Неопределенная форма (The Infinitive)		Прошедшее время (Past Indefinite)			Причастие прошедшего времени (Participle II)		Основное значение
shave	[Jeiv]	shaved	[Jeivd]	shavd [Jeivd]		брить(ся)
				shaven ['Jeivn]
shine	[Jain]	shone	[Jan]	shone [Jan]		светить
shoot	[Ju:t]	shot	[Jat]	shot [Jat]		стрелять
show	[Jou]	showed	[Joud]	shown [Joun]		показывать
shut	[J*t]	shut	[jAt]	shut [jAt]		закрывать
sing	[sig]	sang	[sxg]	sung [влд]		петь
sit	[sit]	sat	[sit]	sat [sxt]		сидеть
sleep	[sli:p]	slept	[slept]	slept [slept]		спать
speak	[spi:k]	spokt	[spouk]	spoken ['spouk(Sn)]		говорить
spend	[spend]	spent	[spent]	spent [spent]		тратить
spread	[spred]	spi e&d	[spred]	spread [spred]		распростра­
						няться
stand	[stand]	stood	[stud]	stood [stud]		стоять
steal	[sti'l]	Etole	[stoul]	stolen [*stoul(3)n]		воровать
sweep	[swi:p]	swept	[swept]	swept [swept]		мести
swim	[swim]	swam	[swim]	swum [swMn]		плавать
take	[teik]	took	[tuk]	taken [4eik(3)n]		брать
teach	[ti:tj]	taught	[tat]	taught [tat]		учить к.-л.
tell	[tel]	told	[tould]	told [tould]		рассказывать
think	[Oigk]	thought [6o:t]			thought [6at]		думать
throw	[6rou]	threw	[Bru:]	thrown [6roun]		бросать
understand		understood			understood		понимать
[/inds'stxnd]		[Ands'stud]			[/inda'stud]
wake	[weik]	woke	[wouk]	woken ['wouk(3)n]		просыпаться
		waked	[weikt]	waked [weikt]
wear	[WE3]	wore	[wa]	warn [wan]		носить
						(одежду)
win	[win]	won	[WAn]	won [w/vn]		выигрывать
write	[rait]	wrote	[rout]	1 written ['ritn]		писать

ПРИЛОЖЕНИЕ 1

TEXTS FOR LISTENING AND COMPREHENSION

1. CAN YOU MAKE YOURSELF UNDERSTOOD?

Some months ago Mr. X. went to England on a busi­ness trip. When he returned he told me the following story.

When I came to England I was very nervous, as I wasn't sure that I would be able to make English people understand me. I put up at a hotel and understood the reception clerk when he asked me to fill in an arrival form. Then I asked the porter to take my luggage up to my room. So far I made myself understood quite well.

When I came up to my room I said to the maid: "I want to brush my shoes and coat and to press my shirt". I couldn't understand why my words made her smile. A few minutes later she brought me several brushes and said: "I'll bring in the iron some minutes later". I said: "I didn't want to brush my coat and shoes and to press the shirt myself". I wanted her to make my things clean but I didn't know how to make it clear. I got tired and angry trying to get her to understand what I meant. Finally the maid said: "I suppose you want to have your shoes and coat brushed and your shirt pressed." "Yes", said I, "that's just what I wanted you to do".

I was glad I didn't say "I want to wash my hand­kerchiefs". If I did, she could bring a wash-tub into my room.

2. THE BLIND MAN AND THE GREAT ARTIST

Every day in one of the streets of Vienna you could see a blind man playing the violin. His dog sat near him with a cap in his mouth. People, who were passing them, dropped coins into the cap.

One day, when the weather was very cold, the man was playing for a long time, but nobody wanted to give him anything. The poor man thought that he would have to go to bed without supper. He was so tired and so weak that he stopped playing. At that moment a young man came up to him and asked him why he stopped playing. The blind man said he had played for two hours but nobody had

given him anything. "Give me your violin. I shall help you", said the man. And with these words he began to play. He played so well that people began to gather and soon there was a big crowd. Everybody was eager to listen to the fine music and to thank the young man for the pleasure.

Soon the cap was full of money.

"I don't know how to thank you", said the blind man. "Who are you?"

"I am Paganini", was the answer.

3. A STRANGE PICTURE

A rich American went to Paris and bought a very strange picture painted by a fashionable modern artist. The American thought the picture was very fine because he had paid a lot of money for it. But when he came to his hotel and wanted to hang the picture up on the wall, he could not tell which was the top and which the bottom of the picture. The American turned the picture this way and that, but still could not decide which was the top and which was the bottom.

So he thought of a plan. He hung the painting in the dining-room and invited the artist to dinner. When the artist came, the American said nothing to him about the picture.

When the artist began to eat his soup, he looked at the picture many times. When he began to eat his fish, he put on his glasses and looked at the picture again. Before he began to eat his fruit, he got up and walked over to the picture to look at it more closely. At last when they began to drink their coffee, he understood that the picture was upside down.

"Why, my friend", he said, "my picture is hung upside down".

"Oh, is it?" said the American. "Why didn't you tell me so at once?"

"Well, you see, I was not sure myself at first", said the artist.

4. A SLAVE

401

Murillo was a great painter in Spain. He painted beau­tiful pictures and he had many students.

14 Звк. 2112

Once he came to his studio and found a very beautiful picture there. He asked his students who had painted that picture but nobody answered. Then he asked his slave Sebastian if he had seen somebody in the studio the night before. The slave did not answer. When the night came and everybody went away Sebastian began to paint. He did not think of the time. Suddenly he heard a noise behind him. When he turned round he saw Murillo and his students watch him quietly.

"Sebastian", cried Murillo, "you are a very good painter. How did you learn to paint7"

"You gave lessons to your students, and I heard them", answered the slave. Murillo understood that the slave was a very gifted painter, so he gave him freedom and be­gan to work with his "slave" who was not a slave any longer.

5. A LACONIC ANSWER

There was a time when the people of Greece were not united but instead there were several states each of which had its own ruler.

Some of the people in the southern part of the country were called Spartans and they were famous for their simple habits and their bravery.

The name of their land was Laconia, so they were sometimes called Lacons.

One of the strange rules which the Spartans had was that they should speak briefly and never use more words than were needed.

A short answer is often called laconic that is such an answer as a Lacon would give.

There was in the Northern part of Greece a land called Macedonia. This land was at one time ruled by a king named Philip. Philip of Macedonia wanted to become master of all Greece. So he raised a great army and made war upon the other states, until nearly all of them were forced to call him their king. Then he sent a letter to the Spartans in Laconia and said: "If I go down into your country, I will level your great city to the ground."

In a few days an answer was brought back to him. When he opened the letter he found only one word written there.

That word was "If".

6. THE KING AND THE CRITIC There was a king who thought that he could paint very well. His pictures were bad, but the people to whom he showed them were afraid of the king. They all said that they liked his pictures very much.

One day the king showed his pictures to a great painter who lived in his country and asked:

"I want to know what you think of my pictures. Do you like them? Am I a good painter or not?"

The painter looked at the king's pictures and said: "My king, I think that your pictures are bad, and that you will never be a good painter."

The king got very angry and sent the painter to prison. After two years the king wanted to see the painter again.

"I was angry with you», he said, «because you did not like my pictures. Now forget all about it. You are a free man again and I am your friend."

For many hours the king talked with the painter, and even asked him to dine. After dinner the king showed his pictures to the painter and asked: "Well, how do you like them now?"

The painter did not answer anything. He turned to the soldier who was standing near him and said: "Take me back to prison."

7. A BROKEN VASE The young man was going to marry a beautiful girl. One day the girl said to him that the next day she would celebrate her birthday and invited him to her birthday party. The young man was eager to make her a present, so he went to a gift shop. There he saw many beautiful things. Of all the things he particulaly liked the vases. But they were very expensive, and as he had very little money he had to leave the shop without buying anything. Walking to the door he suddenly heard a noise: one of the vases fell on the floor and broke to pieces. A brilliant idea came to his mind. He came up to the counter and asked the salesman to wrap up the broken vase he wanted to buy. The salesman got a little surprised but did what the young man had asked him to do.

The young man took the parcel and went straight to the girl's place. By the time he entered the room the

guests had already gathered. Everybody was enjoying the party. Some of the people were dancing, others were talking, joking and laughing. Saying "Many happy returns of the day", the young man told the girl that he had bought a small present for her. With these words he began to unwrap the parcel. Suddenly he got pale and said. "I am afraid, I have broken it. There were so many people in the bus..." But when he unwrapped the parcel, he saw that the salesman had wrapped up each piece of the vase separately.

8. A FUNNY STORY

Once a man went to a shop and bought a pair of trousers. When he came home, he put the trousers on. Then he saw that they were too long for him.

So he went to his wife and said:

"Please make my trousers shorter, they are too long for me, I cannot put them on."

But the wife said: "I have no time now. I must wash the plates. It is late now, I shall do it tomorrow."

The man went to his daughter and asked her:

"Can you make my trousers shorter? I cannot put them ,,

on.

"No, I cannot," said the daughter. "I must do my les­sons now. I shall do it tomorrow".

The man went to his sister, but she could not help him. She said: "I must make my dress now. I shall do it tomorrow".

So the man went to bed and left his new trousers on a chair near his bed.

His wife washed all the plates, came into the room, took the trousers, made them shorter and put them back on the chair. When his daughter did her lessons, she came into his room, took the trousers and made them shorter. Late in the evening his sister came too and made the trousers shorter.

The man got up at 7 o'clock in the morning. His wife told him, "I have made your trousers shorter; you can put them on". But when the man put them on, he saw that they were too short for him and he could not wear them.

fl. TEA-LEAVES

There was a time when drinking tea was almost unknown in European countries; many people had never even heard of tea. This anecdote is about an old woman and her son, who lived before tea-drinking became popular in England.

He was a sea captain, and every time he returned from a far-away country, he brought his mother a gift. He tried to bring something unusual, that she could show to her friends.

Once the young man came back from India with a box of tea for his mother. She didn't know anything about tea, but she was proud of her son, and she invited all her friends to come and try what he had brought her. When her son came into the room, he saw cakes and fruit and jam on the table, and a big plate full of brown tea-leaves. His mother and her friends were sitting round the table, eating the leaves with butter and salt. Though they all smiled, it was clear that they didn't enjoy eating the leaves.

"Where is the tea, Mother?" the captain asked.

His mother showed him the plate in the middle of the table.

"We are having tea for lunch", she said.

"No, no, those are only the tea-leaves", said the cap­tain. "Where is the water?"

"The water!" his mother said. "I threw the water away, of course!"

10. ECONOMY WASTED TRIP

An Englishman who was in France wanted to go back to England by sea. But he had very little money. He had so little money that he could pay only for the ticket. As he knew that the trip would last only two days, he decided not to eat during these days.

As he took a ticket and got on the ship the next morning he tried not to hear the bell for breakfast. When dinner time came, he was very hungry; but he didn't go to the dining-room. In the evening he was still more hungry, but when the waiter came to invite him to have supper, the Englishman said that he was ill.

The next day the Englishman was half-dead and couldn't stand the hunger any longer. "I shall go and eat even if they kick me out into the sea", said he to himself. So he went to the ship dining-room and had his dinner. In the evening he had supper but was very much afraid of his future because he didn't pay for the meals. At last he addressed the waiter and said: "Bring me the bill, please". — "What bill?" asked the waiter. — "For the supper and dinner I had in your dining-room". — "Don't trouble, Sir. You paid for your meals when you bought the ticket".

11. A GOOD LESSON

One day a well-known singer was invited to the house of a rich lady to sing to her guests at a dinner-party. But instead of inviting the singer to dine with her guests, the lady ordered dinner for him in the servants' room. The singer said nothing. He dined well and after dinner said to the servants: "Now, my good friends, I am going to sing to you".

The servants were very much surprised but said they were awfully glad to have a chance to hear the great singer. He sang a good many beautiful songs and the servants enjoyed listening to him.

Later the lady sent one of her servants to bring the singer up to the drawing-room, where all her guests were waiting for him.

"But I cannot sing twice in one evening, Madam", said the singer to the lady when she met him at the door leading into the drawing-room.

"What do you mean?" asked the lady.

"I mean I have already sung for about an hour to your servants, Madam", answered the singer, "it was a pity you were not there, for I always sing to the people with whom I dine". And with these words he left the house.

12. A HOT SUMMER WEEK-END

It was a week-end in summer and all the down trains were overcrowded. An old man was walking along the platform, looking for a vacant seat. Suddenly he saw one in a non-smoker. The old man got in. A small bag was lying on the seat and a well-dressed gentleman was sitting beside it.

"Is this seat vacant?" asked the old man.

"No, it is occupied by a man who has gone to buy a newspaper. He will soon come".

"Well", said the old man, "I'll sit here until your man comes back". Ten minutes passed.

"There is only one minute left before the train starts. Your man will miss the train if he doesn't hurry", said the old man.

The train started.

"Your man has missed the train", said the old man, "but let him not lose his bag".

With these words he took the bag and was about to throw it out of the window.

The well-dressed gentleman jumped up and cried out: "Don't! It's my bag".

13. A FUNNY STORY

A nervous man, who lived in one of suburbs of a big town in England, was walking home from the railway station. The road was dark and lonely. Suddenly he heard footsteps approaching him from behind and thought he was being followed. He walked quickly. The footsteps continued to follow. The man started running. The footsteps still followed him. The man jumped over a wall and, running into an old cemetery, threw himself on the grass near one of the graves.

"If he comes here", he thought, "there will be no doubt he wants to rob me".

The man behind was following. He also got over the wall and came up to the grave. The nervous man stood up and asked:

"What do you want? Why are you following me?"

"I say", answered the other man, "do you always go home like this? Or are you having some special sort of jumping, exercises tonight? I am going to Mr. Ro­bertson's and the man I at the railway station told me to follow you, as you lived next door. Excuse my asking you, but will you have some more gymnastics or will you go straight home?"

14. A SAD STORY

Three men were spending their holiday in New York. They were living in a hotel which had forty-five floors and their room was on the last floor.

Returning to the hotel late one night, they were told by the lift man: "I am very sorry, but the lifts in our hotel aren't running. They stop working at twelve o'clock. You must walk up to your room".

"We are still young", one of the men said. "I suppose we, can climb up to the forty-fifth floor". So the men took off their coats and put them in the coat-room. As they were walking past the tenth floor one of the men said: "I am becoming a little tired. I have an idea how to make the climb easier. I shall tell happy or funny stories the next five floors: then Bill will sing songs the next fifteen floors, and Tom will tell sad stories the last fifteen floors".

They continued climbing, and soon all of them were feeling very tired. But they did not want to show to each other that they were tired, so the first man told happy stories, and jokes and the second sang happy songs. When they arrived at the thirtieth floor, the first man said: "Now, Tom, you can begin telling sad stories".

"Yes", Tom said, "I must tell you a very sad story. The key to our room is lying in my coat pocket, in the coat- room!"

15. A FISH BONE

One day, some Americans were having dinner at a hotel in London. When the fish was put on the table, a young man said: "Let's examine the fish carefully. Perhaps we'll find a diamond in it". Everybody began to laugh, but an old man said quietly: "Yes, I'm sure we have all heard such stories. Let me tell you what happened to me once".

"When I was a young man", he began, "I worked for a big company in New York: and I was sent to England to do some work there. I was in love with a beautiful girl, and before I left for England, we decided that we would be married when I returned home."

I stayed in England for two months. I sent letters or postcards to the girl almost every day, but after the first two weeks I didn't receive any answers. But I didn't think anything was the matter, and before I left for home, I bought a beautiful diamond ring for her.

On the ship one morning, a telegram was brought to me. It was from a friend in New York, who told me that the girl had changed her mind and was going to be married to another man. I was so angry that I threw the diamond ring into the sea.

My friend came to the port to meet me, and he invited me to dinner. When we were sitting down at the table and I was eating fish, I suddenly felt something hard in my mouth. What do you think it was?

"The diamond!" all the Americans cried.

"No", the old man answered. "It was a fish bone".

16. ABOUT CONAN DOYLE

There is probably no one among book-lovers who has not heard of Sherlock Holmes, the skilful and clever detective in the stories by Arthur Conan Doyle. Sherlock Holmes's method of analysing the most difficult problems was to notice the smallest facts, even if they seemed unimportant. His method never failed; the criminal always had to give up, and to become the prisoner of the great detective.

Conan Doyle once arrived in Paris, after spending a month in the south of France. There was a long row of cabs outside the gate of the railway station. Conan Doyle got into the first cab and ordered the driver to take him to a good hotel. The driver was silent all the way to the hotel, but when Conan Doyle paid him, he said, "Thank you, Sir Arthur Conan Doyle".

"How do you know who I am?" Conan Doyle asked in the greatest surprise.

"I have never seen you before", the man answered, "so I can't pretend that I recognized you. But I read in the newspapers that you were expected in Paris after your vacation in the south of France. The train you arrived on came from the south of France. I could tell from your clothes, especially your hat, and also from the strange way you pronounce French words that you were English. These facts helped me to guess that you were probably Sir Arthur Conan Doyle".

"Fine work! Wonderful!" Conan Doyle cried. "You analysed the facts quite correctly. It's a pity you aren't a detective!"

"Of course", the driver added, "your name is on both your travelUng bags. I can't pretend that that fact didn't help".

17. HIS FIRST MONEY

Somebody once asked Mark Twain whether he could remember the first money he ever earned.

"I remember quite well", the famous writer answered. "It happened at school. Schoolboys in those days had very little respect for their teachers and even less for their desks. The boys used pens and pencils and even knives to draw stars and faces, or to write their names on their desks. At last, the school principal said: «The next time anybody does such a thing, he will have to pay five dollars, or he will receive a beating in front of the whole school".

"Soon after that, I had to go to my father and ask him to give me five dollars. I was honest enough to explain that I could agree to receive a beating instead, but he said: "No, I can't allow you to connect our name with such things. So I'll pay the five dollars. But you must suffer for what you have done. I'll give you the beating here, at home".

"So he beat me, and then gave me the five dollars to take to school. But I decided that the beating didn't hurt so much, and another beating at school wouldn't be worse. So I told them to give me a beating in front of the whole school, and I kept the five dollars. And that was the first money I ever earned".

18. ONE MORE FUNNY STORY

One of Mark Twain's hobbies was fishing. He went fishing whenever he had a chance, even in the closed season, when fishing was not allowed anywhere in lakes and rivers. Like all fishermen, he sometimes invented stories about the number of fish he caught.

One hot day during the closed season, Mark Twain was fishing as usual, under a low bridge. A man who was walking across the bridge happened to notice Mark Twain and began to watch him. At last he asked: "Have you caught many fish?"

"Not yet", Mark Twain answered. "I have only just begun. But yesterday I caught thirty great big fish here".

"You were very lucky", the man said. "Do you know who I am?"

"No", Mark Twain said. "I don't think I ever happened to meet you before".

"I'm the fishing inspector in this place. Do you know that this is the closed season?"

Mark Twain thought quickly. He understood how foolish he had been. «Do you know who I am?» he asked aloud.

"No, of course not», answered the inspector."

"I am the biggest liar on the Mississippi", Mark Twain told him.

ПРИЛОЖЕНИЕ 2 TEXTS FOR READING AND RETELLING

1. Ask 10 questions on the texts.

2. Give a short summary of the texts, making use of the following plan.

The plan for rendering the text	Some expressions to be used while rendering the text
1. The title of the text	The title of the text is ...
2. The author of the text (story, article)	The author of the text is ... The text is written by ...
3. The main idea of the text	The main idea of the text is ... The text is about ... The text is devoted to ... The text deals with ...
4. The contents of the text (some facts, names, figures)	The author starts telling the readers (about, that) ... The author writes (states, stresses, thinks, points out) that... The text describes ... The main characters of the text are ... According to the text ... Further the author says that ... The text goes on to say ... In conclusion ... The author comes to the conclusion that
5. Your opinion of the text	I found the text interesting (important, of no value, too hard to understand).

1. A LETTER

December 23. 1995

Dear Mary,

Here in London I've already made friends with many college students. But I miss you and my parents that's why I'm going to write letters to you every day. I'll try to tell you as much as possible about Great Britain, its history, customs, traditions and universities. I'd like to start with some holidays in this country because they bring something special, exciting into everyday life.

There are only six public holidays a year in Great Britain. They are: Christmas Day, Boxing Day⁴, Good Friday⁵, Easter Monday⁶ , Spring Bank Holiday and Late Summer Bank Holiday . Besides public holidays there are other festivals and celebrations that people look forward to and love to remember afterwards.

DECEMBER 25 IS CHRISTMAS DAY

At Christmas people remember the birth of Jesus. There are many traditions connected with Christmas, and even every family celebrates the feast in a particular way.

In Britain on Christmas Eve children hang a sock or stocking at the end of their bed in the belief that "Father Christmas" or "Santa Claus" will fill it with toys and good things during the night. When they wake up on Christmas Day they are rarely disappointed.

Christmas dinner is usually a family gathering at which the main dish is chicken or turkey with many trimming, followed by Christmas pudding.

For small children one of the most exciting prepe- rations is helping to decorate a fir tree with shining bells, balls, lights and artificial snow. The tree will stand in a corner of the home for about two weeks.

It has already become a custom to erect a Norwegian Christmas tree in Trafalgar Square, London. Every year since 1946 the people of Norway have sent a huge fir tree to the citizens of London as a way of saying "Thank you"

for the kindness they showed to Norwegian troops during World War II. The tree stands in the centre of Trafalgar Square, lit up by six hundred light bulbs.

The customs of sending cards at Christmas like that of decorating fir trees, was introduced in Queen Victoria's reign (1837—1901). The first printed cards were produced in 1843 and cost one shilling. More than 900 million cards of countless designs are sold each year, but homemade ones are often the most appreciated.

The 26th of December is Boxing Day. It is a traditional day for presenting gifts of money to people who had been of service during the year — servants, dustmen, postmen, etc.

The season of Christmas festivities used to continue until the Twelfth Night, 6th January, and this is usually when school holidays end. In Western Europe and America 6th January is the Twelfth Night after Christmas, whereas Russian Christians are only starting to celebrate, as their Christmas comes on 6th January. The difference is big, isn't it?

How are you getting on, Mary?

I'm looking forward to hearing from you soon. Merry Christmas!

Give my regards to our friends.

Sincerely yours, Boris

2. ST. VALENTINE'S DAY

St. Valentine's Day is celebrated on the 14th of February. It's great fun to send or receive a Valentine card, but most people have no idea who St. Valentine was. Not everybody knows why unsigned greetings of love are sent on this feast day. It seems likely that he was Valentinus, a priest who was put to death by the Emperor Claudius for being a Christian. The Church probably chose 14th February as his feast day in the hope of rollicking , the Roman spring festival, when young men and girls celebrated because spring was coming.

About mid-February the woods begin to echo with birdsongs again after the silent days of winter. Skylarks are heard singing high above meadowland. So this outburst of birdsong in early spring was also said to be connected with St. Valentine. People imagine that on this

feast day for exchanging loving greetings, birds too chose their mates before nest-building.

Shops sold ready-made Valentines, brightly coloured, lace-edged and boxed. Young people might even buy and send more than one, just for fun of it.

Nowadays about a million cards are sent by post in the United Kingdom every St. Valentine's Day.