Interrelationship of chemistry and physics

Chemistry and physics are interrelated sciences – the main difference being that chemistry deals with changes in the composition of matter, while physics is concerned with changes in the location or size of matter.

Chemistry is of universal significance, since the structure of the universe is essentially chemical; there is nothing in nature which is not involved in chemical change.

Matter and energy among the phenomena of the physical universe have actual and objective existence. In the study of matter and energy chemistry may be regarded as the science of matter, precisely as physics may be regarded as the science of energy. Chemistry deals mainly with the alteration in properties which the different kinds of matter undergo when they act on one another. Physics, on the other hand, has to do chiefly with the laws according to which the transformations of energy are brought about.

Chemistry and physics are closely interrelated sciences. No change in matter can possibly be effected without some simultaneous form of energy change. Consequently, every chemical change necessarily involves physical changes as well. The converse, however, is not always true, energy changes may take place without the apparent production of any corresponding matter change. For example, when hydrogen unites with oxygen, the matter produced is water and the energy product is heat. When water freezes, it appears to be a physical change in which the water changes only from the liquid to the solid state.

Contrasting examples:

Chemistry – chemical changes

Physics – physical changes

Burning of wood Wood is composed of particles of cellulose cemented together by lignin. When wood is ignited, substances whose properties are different from those of the wood are produced, including water, carbon dioxide (colourless gas), methane (colourless gas), and carbonates. Rusting of iron When iron is exposed to oxygen in the presence of moisture, the iron is transformed into a new substance with new properties, commonly known as “rust” and chemically known as “ferric” oxide. Electrolysis of water Water is a very stable substance. However, it can be decomposed by means of an electric current, the process being known as electrolysis. In the electrolysis of water, a small amount of sulfuric acid is usually added to give the water conductivity. The electric current separates the two invisible gases that make up water (the oxygen may be collected at the positive electrode and hydrogen at the negative electrode). Other examples of chemical changes The burning of a cigarette The digestion of food The healing of wounds

Dropping and chopping of wood If a block of wood is pushed off a table, it undergoes no change in composition, but merely a change of location. If a piece of wood is chopped into small shavings, the wood undergoes no change in composition, but merely a change into component parts of smaller size. Cutting of iron If a piece of iron is cut into two or more parts, its properties are not lost. Distillation of water In distillation, water is changed into steam which is still water in the vapour state. The vapour is easily condencible to water, by cooling. Freezing of water Ice is still water, since it returns to water by a physical method (heat). When water is changed to the solid state (ice) it shows an increase in volume, because water expands while it freezes. This accounts for the bursting of water pipes when they freeze. Other examples of physical changes The tearing of paper The cutting of hair The breaking of glass

Chemistry, therefore, is the science that deals with chemical changes – that is, changes in the composition of matter, accompanied by energy changes.

Physics is the study of physical changes – that is, changes in the position, location, or size of matter, without any alterations in its composition.

XIII. Знайдіть у додатковому тексті №3 (ST3) та випишіть нову спеціальну лексику уроку.

XIV. Анотуйте додатковий текст №3 (ST3) англійською та українською мовами.

XV. Прочитайте та перекладіть додатковий текст №4 (SТ4).

UKRAINIAN PHYSICISTS

In the field of physical sciences Ukrainian scientists contributed much into development of world science. Many of them are known to the public at large, but greater part remains unknown.

Ivan Puliuy (1845-1918) was a noted Ukrainian scientist. He began his road to science on foot from his native village of Hrymailiv in Ternopil area to Vienna where he studied theology. He wrote in Ukrainian the first textbook on Geometry and the book about stars and planets. His activities prevented him from becoming a lecturer of Kiev University. He worked in Vienna in the field of electrical engineering, mathematics, astronomy, and philosophy. Besides, Ivan Puliuy was a brilliant polyglot, he knew 15 languages. He was the first to discover invisible rays some decades earlier than Wilhelm Roentgen. He was the first to study the so-called “cold light”. His lamps were much better than Edison’s ones. Ivan Puliuy offered an isolation transformer for telephone exchanges and put into operation a number of power stations with constant current.

Ihor Sikorsky (b.1889) was born in Kiev. He designed the first multi-engine plane. In 1919 he emigrated to the USA. In 1939 he designed the first helicopter.

Ostap Stasiv (1903-1985) was born in the village of Borshchevychi near Lviv. He graduated from Berlin University where he attended lectures of Max Plank and Albert Einstein. He founded in Berlin the Institute of Crystal Physics.

Olexandr Smakula (1900-1983) was born in the village of Dobrovody in Ternopil area. He worked in Germany and USA and made dozens of inventions. His quantity mathematical correlation is known in physics as Smakula’s formula.

Heorhii Sharpak (b.1924) comes from Rivne Region. Since 1954 he has been working in Geneva where he discovered a new type of nuclear particles detector – a multiwire chamber of Sharpak. He was awarded the Noble Prize in physics.

Heorhii Gamov (1904- 1968) was born in Odessa. In 1928 he used quantum mechanics and explained alpha decay. He developed the cosmological theory of “Primary explosion”. He is a member of the National academy of Sciences (USA).

Borys Hrabovskyi (1901-1966). He was the son of outstanding Ukrainian poet Pavlo Hrabovskyi. Boris Hrabovskyi is one of the founders of the modern television. Together with his assistant I.Bilianskyi he designed the first in the world TV set. On July 26, 1928, the image of his assistant appeared on the screen of the TV set.

Leonid Vereshchagin (1909-1977) was born in Kherson. The first synthetic diamonds were obtained under his leadership.

Petro Kapitsa (1894-1984) was born in the family of Colonel Leonid Kapitsa. His mother, Olga, was a daughter of Ieronim Stebnytskyi. He was a Ukrainian who made a great contribution into development of physics working in England and Russia. He was awarded the Noble Prize. The whole world knows Petro Kapitsa as a noted scientist in he field of nuclear physics.

The Kiev school of Physics includes some known names of the Ukrainian physicists.

Olexandr Davydov was born in Yevpatoria in 1912. His discoveries of compound molecules were named after O. Davydov.

Vadym Lashkaryov (1903-1974) was born in Kiev. His fundamental researches were in the field of semiconductors.

Oleksa Bilaniuk (b. 1926) was born in Sianok of Lemky area. In 1962 he proved that there were particles which moved quicker than light. The particles were called tahions. Oleksa Bilaniuk replenished the theory of Einstain.He addressed Ukrainian scientists to improve their knowledge of English as a universal language of scientific communication.

15. Знайдіть у додатковому тексті № 4 (ST4) відповіді на наступні запитання.

1. What did the O. Bilaniuk address to the Ukrainian physicists?

2. What is the chamber of Sharpak?

3. What is Smakula’s formula?

4. What do you know about the son of outstanding poet Pavlo Hrabovskyi?

5. Who of the Ukrainian physicists were awarded the Noble prize?

6. What do you know about Ivan Puliuy?

7. Who invented television?

8. What are tahions?

9. Who discovered X-rays some decades earlier than Wilhelm Roenthen?

XVI. Підготуйте повідомлення про одного з відомих українських фізиків.

XVII. Прочитайте та перекладіть додатковий текст №5(SТ 5).