методички / 4030 ЭИ

Упр. 9. Перепишите предложения. Заполните пропуски словосочетаниями, данными в правой колонке. Переведите предложения на русский язык.

	1.	The UK has a highly developed ___.	a)	private sector
	2.	Britain has an open economy, in which ___ plays an	b)	service sector
		important role.	c)	manufacture of textiles
	3.	The share of ___ in national output amounts to 79%.	d)	share of agriculture
	4.	The ___ dominates the UK economy.
			e)	manufactured goods
	5.	One of the traditional English industries is the ___.
			f)	international trade
	6.	Britain ranks among the top industrial countries in ___.
			g)	productivity
	7.	The ___ in GDP is 11 times less than that of industry.
			h)	natural resources
	8.	Britain has very few ___, apart from coal and iron ore.
	9.	Britain provides about 10% of world exports of ___.	i)	mixed economy
	10.	The ___ remains one of the most technologically	j)	coal industry
		advanced in Europe.

Упр. 10. Перепишите общие вопросы к тексту и дайте на них краткие ответы.

1.Does private sector predominate in Britain's economy?

2.Is 90% of Britain's labor force employed by private enterprises?

3.Are the main sectors of the economy manufacturing, services and agriculture?

4.Does agriculture contribute around 78% of GDP?

5.Is more than two-thirds of labour force engaged in the service sector?

6.Does Britain excel in light industry?

7.Did Britain export mainly textile goods in the 19th century?

8.Had competition from countries with cheap labor such as Japan, China and India intensified by the 1930s?

9.Has the discovery of oil fields in the Black Sea allowed the UK to become self-sufficient in petroleum?

10.Must Britain import most of the raw materials needed for its industry?

В А Р И А Н Т 2

Упр. 1. Перепишите предложения, поставив глаголы to be и to have в указанную видовременную форму. Переведите предложения на русский язык.

1.In the US, advertising expenditures (be) comparable to the budgets of some countries.

(Present Simple)

2.John (have) only $20 in cash so he offered to pay by credit card. (Past Simple)

3.With the increases in customs duties, imported goods (be) more expensive. (Future Simple)

4.In Russia of 1990s, the government's most important tasks (be) to restrict the growth of unemployment and inflation. (Past Simple)

5."If you owe a bank a hundred dollars, you (have) a problem. If you owe it a million dollars, it (have) a problem!" (John Maynard Keynes) (Present Simple / Present Simple)

Упр. 2. Оборот There is / are

(a) Перепишите предложения и переведите их на русский язык.

1.There are two types of external sources of company's financing: short-term and long-term.

2.There was a considerable decrease in Russia's gold reserves in the early 1990s because of the deep economic crisis.

3.Market research shows that there will be a fall in demand for domestic automobiles in Russia in the near future.

11

(б) Составьте предложения из двух частей и переведите их на русский язык.

	A		B
1.	There is	a)	a dramatic increase in oil prices all over the world after 1973.
2.	There are	b)	a sale in this supermarket tomorrow.
3.	There was	c)	portraits of such famous people as J. Washington, A. Lincoln,
			B. Franklin and others on the face of American dollars.
4.	There were	d)	a vacancy for the position of a chief accountant in our company.
5.	There will be	e)	a lot of planned economies in the world in the 20th century.

Упр. 3. (a) Перефразируйте следующие словосочетания, употребляя притяжательный падеж, и переведите их на русский язык.

Образец: the work of a bookkeeper — a bookkeeper's work (работа бухгалтера)

1.	the balance sheet of the central bank	4.	the salary of an accountant
2.	the economic policy of the government	5.	the proposals of Mr. Black
3.	an annual report of the United Nations	6.	wants and needs of people

(б) Перепишите следующие предложения и переведите их на русский язык. Обратите внимание на подчеркнутые слова и укажите, какую функцию выполняет окончание –s, т. е. служит ли оно:

показателем 3-го лица единственного числа глагола в Present Simple;

признаком множественного числа имени существительного;

показателем притяжательного падежа имени существительного.

1.Each individual, who acquires a corporation's shares, becomes its co-owner.

2.The employers' refusal to raise wages resulted in the workers' strike.

3.One of subsidiaries' bankruptcy led to decrease in the corporation's business activity.

4.The scientific and technological achievements brought great changes in people's way of life.

5.According to the UN's index of human development, Canada ranks number one for quality of life. Russia ranks number 71 between Western Samoa and Ecuador.

Упр. 4. (а) Образуйте степени сравнения следующих прилагательных.

Переведите их на русский язык.

poor

profitable

heavy

late

economical

good

narrow

(б) Перепишите предложения и переведите их на русский язык. Подчеркните прилагательные и наречия в сравнительной или превосходной степени. Укажите степень сравнения.

1.Commercial banks are the most important source of external credit to small firms.

2.According to currency analysts, the euro will continue to get stronger.

3.In the 18th century, many European countries received the greatest part of national income from import and export tariffs. Nowadays, they play less important role.

4.Nowadays, it is more convenient to store all the information about the firm's financial activity in a computer.

5.High rate of unemployment as well as business and bank failures are the most visible and characteristic signs of an economic recession.

12

(в) Выберите один из предложенных вариантов ответа. Запишите свои ответы в таблицу:

1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9	10

1. The lack of energy resources is ___ aspect of Austria's economy.

a) weaker

b) the weakest

c) the most weak

2. Selling price of a product is usually 30% ___ than the cost of producing it.

a) higher

b) more high

c) the highest

3. Taxation is ___ factor in implementing economic reforms.

a) more important

b) less important

c) the most important

4. It is ___ to compare and analyze the figures of the production and sales if they are presented as graphs or in tables.

a) more easy

b) easier

c) the easiest

5. Farming, forestry, and fishing are among ___ occupations of humankind.

a) older

b) the most old

c) the oldest

6. Trade restrictions may make the country ___ on the international markets.

a) less competitive

b) more competitive

c) the most competitive

7. A minimum wage is ___ remuneration that employers may legally pay to workers.

a) lower

b) the lowest

c) the most low

8. Nowadays it is getting ___ to find a well-paid job.

a) the hardest

b) harder

c) more hard

9. It is much ___ to buy goods by wholesale than by retail.

a) more profitable

b) less profitable

c) the most profitable

10. Economies of Western countries rapidly recovered from the 1980-82 crises, ___ in postwar years.

a) the most severe b) severer c) the severest

Упр. 5. (а) Перепишите предложения и переведите их на русский язык. Подчеркните в каждом из них сказуемое и укажите его видовременную форму. Обратите внимание на то, что в предложении может быть несколько сказуемых.

Образец:
The annual financial report includes the	Годовой финансовый отчёт
sale figures of the company.	включает данные об объёме
 includes – Present Simple	продаж компании.

1.Norway is a country with a market economy but the government controls prices, wages and profits of firms.

2.After the company had raised its prices, it lost half of its share of the market.

3.Famous American companies such as Coca Cola and McDonalds have established subsidiaries in Russia and now they are successfully competing with domestic producers.

4.Some economists are sure that the income tax increase will have a negative effect on economic growth.

5.In 2002, twelve member countries of the EU began to use the euro as their single national currency.

(б) Перепишите предложения, поставив глагол в указанную видовременную форму. Переведите предложения на русский язык.

13

1.A bank's balance sheet (show) us the sources from which the bank (obtain) its funds.

(Future Simple / Present Perfect)

2.From 1652 to 1787, each of the British colonies of North America (issue) their own money. (Past Continuous)

3.The work of accountants (require) great patience and attention to detail. (Present Simple)

4.Our firm (hire) 200 new employees after it (open) some branches in Boston and Denver.

(Past Simple / Past Perfect)

5.Economists (try) to find new methods to control inflation, because the old ones (be) not efficient enough. (Present Continuous / Present Simple)

Упр. 6. Перепишите предложения. К каждому предложению задайте по два вопроса: общий и специальный. Специальные вопросы начинайте с вопросительных слов, данных в скобках.

1.Job interview usually takes place in the company's office or recruiting agency. (Where)

2.Banknotes first came into use in Britain during the 17th century. (When)

3.Bill has decided to study accounting, as he has always been good at mathematics. (Why)

4.A firm will obtain a credit only if it provides some guarantees. (In what case)

5.Many companies prepare a balance sheet at least once a year, most often at the end of the fiscal year. (When)

Упр. 7. Прочитайте текст, устно переведите его и письменно выполните послетекстовые упражнения.

Economy of Germany

Germany is one of the leading industrial countries on both European and world scales. Germany's transformation from an agrarian country into an industrial one began during the late 19th century. Large supplies of coal in the Ruhr basin1 had much to do with2 the successful and rapid development of the country's economy. By the 1930s, an iron and steel industry had become one of the largest in the world. Although the economy of West Germany was severely damaged in World War II, it was quickly rebuilt and by the 1960s had become one of the strongest in Europe.

Now Germany has a mixed economy characterized by a highly qualified labor force, a developed infrastructure, a large capital stock, a low level of corruption and a high level of innovation. It is the fourth largest by nominal GDP in the world.

Industry is the backbone of the country's economy. The engineering, chemical as well as iron and steel industries are the dominating branches of economy. Germany is the fourth largest producer of steel in the world. It maintains a competitive advantage on the world market due to its technologically advanced plants and the latest production methods. With the drop in the demand for steel in the 1980s and the rise of less expensive Japanese and Korean steel, however, the German iron and steel industry is not as prosperous as it was in the past.

The engineering industry employs about a quarter of the work force and accounts for about half of the country's exports. This branch of industry produces a large variety of goods, including locomotives and railway cars, automobiles, machine tools, heavy industrial and electrical equipment, and farm machinery.

Agriculture isn't the leading but very important branch of economy. It is characterized by high level of mechanization and by applying modern farming production methods. Almost 6% of the working population is engaged in farming. Highly productive agriculture produces 90% of the country's food requirements. German farms are in general small and owned by families, many of whose members also have nonfarm jobs.

14

Germany supports European integration, not only politically but also in commerce by adopting the Euro as its currency in 1999. Germany's biggest threat for the future economic development is the depressed national birthrate, which is among the lowest in the world. As a result, the human resources of the country and the capacity for innovation will decrease if the trend is not reversed.

Notes: 1the Ruhr basin – Рурский каменноугольный бассейн 2had much to do with – сыграли не последнюю роль в

Упр. 8. Выпишите из текста английские эквиваленты следующих слов и

словосочетаний.
1.	сталелитейная промышленность	9.	машиностроительная
2.	экономика смешанного типа		промышленность
3.	высококвалифицированная рабочая	10.	современные методы ведения
	сила		сельского хозяйства
4.	акционерный капитал	11.	высокопродуктивное сельское
5.	занимает четвертое место в мире по		хозяйство покрывает потребности
	объему номинального валового		страны в основных продуктах
	внутреннего продукта		питания
6.	поддерживать конкурентное	12.	несельскохозяйственная работа
	преимущество	13.	снижение уровня рождаемости в
7.	заводы, оснащенные по последнему		стране
	слову техники	14.	трудовые ресурсы
8.	новейшие технологии производства	15.	инновационный потенциал

Упр. 9. Перепишите предложения. Заполните пропуски словосочетаниями, данными в правой колонке. Переведите предложения на русский язык.

1.	Germany has a highly developed ___.	a)	iron and steel
2.	Germany is the fourth largest by ___ in the world.	b)	production methods
3.	The Ruhr basin contains the largest ___ in West	c)	level of corruption
	Europe.	d)	depressed national
4.	The engineering, chemical as well as ___ industries are
	the dominating branches of economy.		birthrate
		e)	mixed economy
5.	A ___ and a low ___ are the characteristic features of
	the country's economy.	f)	engineering industry
6.	Germany maintains a competitive advantage on the	g)	supplies of coal
	world market due to its ___.	h)	developed infrastructure
7.	Germany's biggest threat for the future economic	i)	producer of steel
	development is the ___.	j)	nominal GDP
8.	Agriculture is characterized by applying modern
	farming ___.	k)	technologically advanced
9.	Germany is the fourth largest ___ in the world.		plants
10.	The ___ employs about a quarter of the labour force.

Упр. 10. Перепишите общие вопросы к тексту и дайте на них краткие ответы.

1.Is Germany one of the world's leading less-developed countries?

2.Did Germany's transformation from an agrarian country into an industrial one begin in the late 19th century?

3.Had an iron and steel industry become one of the largest in the world by the 1830s?

4.Was the economy of West Germany severely damaged in World War II?

15

5.Does Germany have a planned economy?

6.Is agriculture the backbone of the country's economy?

7.Was there a drop in the demand for steel in the 1980s?

8.Do Japanese and Korean producers of steel compete successfully with their German rivals?

9.Are locomotives and railway cars produced at the engineering plants in Germany?

10.Has Germany been using the euro as its currency since 2015?

В А Р И А Н Т 3

Упр. 1. Перепишите предложения, поставив глаголы to be и to have в указанную видовременную форму. Переведите предложения на русский язык.

1.Mc Donald's, the fast food company, (have) its subsidiaries in different countries of the world. (Present Simple)

2.I (be) afraid I can't fill in this application form because it (be) in English. (Present Simple / Present Simple)

3.In ancient times, shells (be) money because they (be) acceptable as a means of payment for goods. (Past Simple / Past Simple)

4.The applicants for the accountant position (have) an advantage if they (have) a Master's degree. (Future Simple / Present Simple)

5.His bankruptcy (be) the result of several risky business transactions. (Past Simple)

Упр. 2. Оборот There is / are

(a) Перепишите предложения и переведите их на русский язык.

1.In many American banks, there are drive-in teller's windows, so customers needn't stand in line inside.

2.When there was a bumper coffee crop in Brazil, much coffee was bought by the government and then burnt.

3.According to the economists' forecasts, there will be an increase in the unemployment rate after the new economic reform is implemented.

(б) Составьте предложения из двух частей и переведите их на русский язык.

	A		B
1.	There is	a)	three factors of production necessary to produce goods: land,
			labour and capital.
2.	There are	b)	a huge increase in demand for air conditioners last week due to
			the hot weather.
3.	There was	c)	some information about new economic sanctions against Russia
			in tomorrow's newspaper.
4.	There were	d) no simple answer to most economic questions.
5.	There will be	e)	so many applicants for this position that it was difficult to decide
			whom to select.

Упр. 3. (a) Перефразируйте следующие словосочетания, употребляя притяжательный падеж, и переведите их на русский язык.

	Образец: the work of a bookkeeper — a bookkeeper's work (работа бухгалтера)
1.	the financial statements of the companies	4.	the fee of the financial advisers
2.	the decision of the commission	5.	needs and preferences of consumers
3.	oil wells of Saudi Arabia	6.	a license of a commercial bank

16

(б) Перепишите следующие предложения и переведите их на русский язык. Обратите внимание на подчеркнутые слова и укажите, какую функцию выполняет окончание –s, т. е. служит ли оно:

показателем 3-го лица единственного числа глагола в Present Simple;

признаком множественного числа имени существительного;

показателем притяжательного падежа имени существительного.

1.The Central Bank withdrew this commercial bank's license because it failed to meet its liabilities.

2.The company's management refused to raise wages despite the trade union's protest.

3.The bookkeeper's work requires great patience and attention.

4.The writer's copyright for his work is limited by 75 years from the date of publication.

5.The auditor was not sure that the annual balance sheet showed a true picture of the firm's financial position.

Упр. 4. (а) Образуйте степени сравнения следующих прилагательных и

наречий. Переведите их на русский язык.

simple

bad

expensive

early

fast

efficient

rich

(б) Перепишите предложения и переведите их на русский язык. Подчеркните прилагательные и наречия в сравнительной или превосходной степени. Укажите степень сравнения.

1.The sole proprietorship is the oldest and the simplest form of business organization.

2.With the increases in freight rates and customs duties, our products will be more expensive than at present.

3.Television is the most efficient and popular mass medium for advertising goods and services.

4.The introduction of the euro made trade between countries easier but the prices for some goods became higher.

5.As compared with developed nations, developing countries have lower average income per capita and living standards; lower labor productivity; higher mortality rate; more rapid population growth, etc.

(в) Выберите один из предложенных вариантов ответа. Запишите свои ответы в таблицу:

1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9	10

1. The study of economics helps you to understand economic forces ___.

a) more good

b) more better

c) better

2. Oil, one of ___ natural resources on the Earth, is an essential part of the world's economy.

a) the most important

b) the least important

c) more important

3. In Russia, the purchasing power of money is much ___ than a year ago.

a) more lower

b) the lowest

c) lower

4. The ___ drawback of the traditional economy is the fact that people consume almost everything they produce.

a) most big

b) biggest

c) bigger

5. Division of labour and specialization make the manufacturing process ___.

a) less efficient

b) more efficient

c) the most efficient

17

6. Naturally, the banks put their money where it brings them ___ profit.

a) the most high

b) the most highest

c) the highest

7. A big corporation is owned by a lot of people, many of whom have ___ than 100 shares.

a) fewer

b) more few

c) the fewest

8. According to ___ classification, capital can be divided into three main groups: physical, human and financial.

a) less general

b) the most general

c) the least general

9. When the value of a currency falls, a nation's products and services become ___ for customers from other countries.

a) cheaper

b) more cheaper

c) more cheap

10. According to many employers, older workers are ___ than younger ones. a) the most reliable b) the least reliable c) more reliable

Упр. 5. (а) Перепишите предложения и переведите их на русский язык. Подчеркните в каждом из них сказуемое и укажите его видовременную форму. Обратите внимание на то, что в предложении может быть несколько сказуемых.

Образец:
The annual financial report includes the	Годовой финансовый отчёт
sale figures of the company.	включает данные об объёме
 includes – Present Simple	продаж компании.

1.Auditing is a process in which an independent auditor examines accounting records and financial statements of a firm.

2.At the yesterday's meeting, the board of directors was discussing only one question – the company's budget for the next year.

3.As a result of the 30% increase in energy prices, the rate of inflation was much greater than economists had predicted.

4.In 1788, the US Constitution forbade the minting of money by individual states or by private institutions.

5.The accountant has calculated that it will take 3 years to clear all debts of the company.

(б) Перепишите предложения, поставив глагол в указанную видовременную форму. Переведите предложения на русский язык.

1.A current account in a bank (allow) people to withdraw money from their accounts at any time. (Present Simple)

2.The board of directors (decide) to pay a dividend of $5 per share. (Present Perfect)

3.In 1992, the first year of the economic reform, retail prices in Russia (increase) by 2,520%. (Past Simple)

4.Economists cannot say that the financial situation in the world (change) for the better now. (Present Continuous)

5.Our accountant (work) on preparing the income statement all week long. (Past Continuous)

Упр. 6. Перепишите предложения. К каждому предложению задайте по два вопроса: общий и специальный. Специальные вопросы начинайте с вопросительных слов, данных в скобках.

1.The fiscal year in the UK begins on April 6 of one calendar year and ends on April 5 of the next year. (When)

2.Businesses advertise their products in the media to attract more customers. (Why)

3.At the end of the 20th century, the unemployment was growing rapidly not only in the countries of the Third World but also in economically developed countries. (When)

18

4.For the first hundred years, the Colgate Company did its business only in the US. (Where)

5.The government has imposed floor prices on the essential goods to protect consumers with low incomes. (Why)

Упр. 7. Прочитайте текст, устно переведите его и письменно выполните послетекстовые упражнения.

Economy of Italy

The economy of Italy has changed dramatically since the end of World War II. From an agriculturally based economy, it has developed into a highly developed industrialized country. In terms of overall production, Italy ranks fourth among the countries of Western Europe after Germany, France and Great Britain. The country is in the euro-zone and belongs to the Group of Eight (G8). Italy's GDP is about 2 trillion dollars. GDP per capita is about $30 thousand. Inflation stands at 1.5% and unemployment at 11%. However, the figures are constantly changing due to the impact of the global economic crisis on the economy of Italy.

Italy is a country with the mixed economy. Private sector predominates but there are also state monopolies. For example, railroads, the postal system, sales of tobacco and salt, as well as the generation and distribution of electricity are completely controlled by the government. Italy has a smaller number of global multinational corporations than other economies of comparable size, but there is a large number of small and medium-sized enterprises, which are the backbone of the Italian industry.

The Italy's economy is based on services and manufacturing industries, which give 69% and 29% of total income respectively. The leading industries in Italy are mechanical engineering, metallurgy, light industry as well as chemical and petrochemical industries. Italy is one of the world leaders in the supply of cars, bicycles, tractors, household appliances, machine tools as well as clothing and leather shoes. The Olivetti Corporation is a world leader in the production of office machinery, typewriters and computers. Textile industry, traditional branch of Italy's economy now operates at full capacity. The government pays special attention to the development of heavy industry. The production of steel and of electric power plays a large role in determining the level of a nation's industrial development.

Italy has an open economy, in which international trade plays an important role. In the structure of the foreign trade of Italy, import and export are roughly at the same level. The deficit in the balance of payments is covered by remittances from abroad and income from tourism. Italy is visited annually by more than 50 million tourists. Main imports are energy, industrial raw materials, machinery and foodstuffs. The major foreign trade partners are Germany, France, USA, Spain and the UK.

	Упр. 8. Выпишите из текста английские эквиваленты следующих слов и
словосочетаний.
1.	по объему производства	8.	машиностроение
2.	валовой внутренний продукт на душу	9.	нефтехимическая промышленность
	населения	10.	работать на полную мощность
3.	под влиянием глобального	11.	платежный баланс
	экономического кризиса	12.	денежные переводы (частных лиц)
4.	экономика смешанного типа		из-за границы
5.	основа итальянской промышленности	13.	основные статьи импорта
6.	отрасли сферы обслуживания и	14.	сырьё для промышленности
	обрабатывающей промышленности	15.	внешнеторговый партнер
7.	валовой доход

19

Упр. 9. Перепишите предложения. Заполните пропуски словами или словосочетаниями, данными в правой колонке. Переведите предложения на

	русский язык.
	1.	Italy's ___ is about 2 trillion dollars.	a)	inflation
	2.	Italy ranks fourth among the countries of Western	b)	industrial development
		Europe in terms of ___.
	3. The figures of ___ and ___ are constantly changing due to		c)	foreign trade partners
		the impact of the global economic crisis on Italy's economy.	d)	overall production
	4.	Italy has a mixed economy, but ___ predominates.
	5.	The government completely controls railroads, the postal	e)	distribution of electricity
		system as well as the ___.	f)	petrochemical industry
	6.	The major ___ of Italy are Germany, France, USA,
		Spain and the UK.	g)	foreign trade
	7.	The development of ___ is among the priorities for the	h)	gross domestic product
		government.
	8.	The leading industries in Italy are ___, mechanical	i)	private sector
		engineering, metallurgy, light industry.	j)	unemployment
	9.	The production of steel and of electric power plays a
		large role in determining the level of a nation's ___.	k)	heavy industry

10.Italy has an open economy, in which ___ plays an important role.

Упр. 10. Перепишите следующие общие вопросы к тексту и дайте на них краткие ответы.

1.Has the economy of Italy changed dramatically since the end of World War I?

2.Does the country belong to the Group of Eight?

3.Is Italy a country with the free market economy?

4.Are there state monopolies in the Italian economy?

5.Are global multinational corporations the backbone of the Italian industry?

6.Do services and manufacturing industries give 99% of total income?

7.Is the Olivetti Corporation a world leader in the production of fashion clothes?

8.Does textile industry operate now at full capacity?

9.Are main exports industrial raw materials, machinery and foodstuffs?

10.Is Italy visited monthly by more than 50 million tourists?

В А Р И А Н Т 4

Упр. 1. Перепишите предложения, поставив глаголы to be и to have в указанную видовременную форму. Переведите предложения на русский язык.

1.Benetton (have) retail shops in every major European city. (Present Simple)

2.The introduction of the single currency in 1999 (be) important for globalization of the world economy. (Past Simple)

3.Her financial adviser (be) convinced that the project (be) a success. (Present Simple / Future Simple)

4.In the US, prices now (be) over five times what they (be) fifty years ago. (Present Simple / Past Simple)

5.Both candidates for the bookkeeper position (have) excellent references and the manager did not know whom to choose. (Past Simple)

20