методички / 4030 ЭИ

(б) Преобразуйте предложения из страдательного залога в действительный, начиная каждое предложение с подчеркнутого слова или фразы.

Образец: The growth of unemployment was predicted by the economists. → The economists predicted the growth of unemployment.

1.New workers are being employed by the factory now.

2.An income tax was first enacted by the British government in 1799.

3.The company's annual accounts are prepared by the chief accountant.

4.The board of directors will be elected by the company's shareholders tomorrow.

5.The rush order for the delivery of foodstuffs into one of the developing countries has been received by the company.

Упр. 3. Перепишите предложения. К каждому предложению задайте по два вопроса: разделительный и альтернативный.

1.A 1% sales tax was first instituted in Rome in the 1st century BC.

2.In most European countries, work experience is required to receive unemployment benefits.

3.The ideas of Scottish economist Adam Smith have been studied by economists all over the world for over 200 years.

4.The dividends will be sent to the stockholders' accounts next week.

5.Profits and losses of the firm are being analyzed by the division managers at the moment.

Упр. 4. (a) Перепишите предложения и переведите их на русский язык. Подчеркните модальные глаголы и их эквиваленты.

1.Using computers and accounting software, bookkeepers are able to prepare financial statements faster and more accurately.

2.According to government regulations, commercial banks in the US and Japan aren't allowed to trade in securities.

3.We will have to invest more capital if we want to expand our business. As the saying goes, you have to spend money to make money.

4.The employees' salaries can be paid in cash or can be transferred directly to bank accounts.

5.With the beginning of 'perestroika' in Russia, a number of enterprises weren't able to adapt to new economic conditions and they had to be closed down.

(б) Перепишите предложения, заменяя слова в скобках на модальные глаголы или их эквиваленты, данные в рамке. Переведите предложения на русский язык.

are allowed to

had to

are to

should

isn't able to

1.The income statement is one of the three major financial statements that all public companies (должны) prepare annually.

2.In some countries, the worker (не может) claim for unemployment benefit, if he has been fired from his/her previous work.

3.As these goods were in poor demand, the producer (пришлось) decrease their prices.

4.Only certified public accountants (разрешается) estimate the accuracy of a company's financial statements.

5.You (следует) not sign the document until you have read it through.

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(в) Выберите один из предложенных вариантов ответа. Запишите свои ответы в таблицу:

1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9	10

1. Old banknotes ___ be exchanged for new banknotes in the banks.

a) are able

b) can

c) won't be allowed to

d) has to

2. In Britain, an income tax was first enacted in 1799. The government ___ impose this tax to finance the Napoleonic Wars.

a) will be allowed

b) must

c) were able to

d) had to

3. When the government puts a ban on a commodity, shops ___ to sell it.

a) were able

b) aren't allowed

c) aren't to

d) doesn't have

4. The government ___ impose ceiling prices on the essential goods to protect consumers with low incomes.

a) will have to

b) were to

c) isn't allowed to

d) will be able

5. The auditor who ___ to review and evaluate our financial records hasn't arrived yet. a) is b) will have to c) must d) are able

6. Until the 19th century, people ___ travel freely between most countries without a passport.

a) was allowed to b) have to c) were able to d) may

7. The bank provides its clients with checkbooks so that they ___ carry a lot of cash.

a) aren't allowed to

b) must

c) was to

d) don't have to

8. Next year, our company ___ to launch a sales campaign in Japan.

a) doesn't have to

b) was able

c) will be able

d) will have to

9. Goods ___ be delivered yesterday but there was a delay in shipment.

a) must

b) were to

c) was able to

d) had

10. If you want to borrow money to buy a house, you ___ ask the bank for a mortgage credit.

a) should

b) has to

c) will be allowed

d) may to

Упр. 5. Прочитайте текст, устно переведите его и письменно выполните послетекстовые упражнения.

What Does Economics Study?

(1)What you think of when you hear the word economics? Money, certainly, and perhaps more complicated things like business, inflation and unemployment. The science of economics studies all of these, but many more things as well.

(2)Perhaps you think that economics is all about the decisions that governments and business managers take. In fact, economists study the decisions that we all take every day.

(3)Very simply, economies studies the way people deal with a problem: resources are limited but our demand for them certainly is not. Resources may be material things such as food, housing and heating. There are some resources, though, that we cannot touch. Time, space and convenience, for example, are also resources. Think of a day. There are only 24 hours in one and we have to choose the best way to spend them. Our everyday lives are full of decisions like these. Every decision we make is a trade-off. If you spend more time working, you make more money. However, you will have less time to relax. Economists study the tradeoffs people make. They study the reasons for their decisions. They look at the effects those decisions have on our lives and our society.

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(4)Economists distinguish between microeconomics and macroeconomics. Microeconomics deals with people, like you and me, and private businesses. It looks at the economic decisions people make every day. It examines how families manage their household budgets. Microeconomics also deals with companies - small or large - and how they run their business. Macroeconomics, on the other hand, looks at the economy of a country and of the whole world. Any economist will tell you, though, that microeconomics and macroeconomics are closely related. All of our daily microeconomic decisions have an effect on the wider world around us.

(5)So what do economists do? Mainly, they do three things: collect data, create economic models and formulate theories. Data collection can include facts and figures about almost anything, from birth rates to coffee production. Economic models show relationships between these different data. For example, the relationship between the money people earn and unemployment. From this information, economists try to make theories which explain why the economy works the way it does.

Упр. 6. Сопоставьте термины и их значение. Запишите свои ответы в таблицу:

1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9	10

1.	budget	a)	the branch of economics that studies the behavior of individual
			economic units such as companies, industries, or households
2.	business	b)	the number of people in a country or area who cannot get a job
3.	demand	c)	a company that sells goods or services
4.	government	d)	the act of balancing two things that are opposed to each other
5.	inflation	e)	the desire of consumers for a particular commodity or service
6.	macroeconomics	f)	the amount of money that a person, organization or country has
			available to spend on it
7.	microeconomics	g) the people who control a country and make laws
8.	resources	h)	rising prices
9.	trade-off	i)	the branch of economics that studies the economic systems of
			whole countries or large regions
10.	unemployment	j)	money, workers or minerals belonging to an organization,
			country, etc. which can be used to function properly

Упр. 7. Перепишите следующие предложения. Напишите «True», если предложение соответствует содержанию текста, и «False», если вы не согласны с данным утверждением. Укажите номер абзаца, в котором содержится ответ.

Образец: The science of economics studies business, inflation, unemployment and many more things as well. True (paragraph 1)

1.Economics is only the study of the decisions that governments and managers take.

2.Resources are limited but people's demand for them is not.

3.Resources may be both material (food, housing and heating) and intangible things (time, space and convenience).

4.Every decision we make every day is a trade-in.

5.Economists distinguish between microeconomics and macroeconomics.

6.Macroeconomics examines how families manage their household budgets.

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7.Economic models help economists to formulate theories, which explain why the economy works the way it does.

Упр. 8. Закончите разделительные вопросы и дайте на них краткие ответы.

1.The science of economies studies such complicated things as business, inflation, unemployment, etc, ___?

2.Time, space and convenience aren't resources, ___?

3.Our everyday life is full of decisions, ___?

4.If people spend more time working, they make less money, ___?

5.If people spend more time working, they will have less time to relax, ___?

6.Macroeconomics deals with people and private businesses, ___?

7.Economists can't create economic models and formulate theories, ___?

В А Р И А Н Т 2

Упр. 1. (а) Перепишите предложения и переведите их на русский язык. Подчеркните в каждом из них сказуемое в страдательном залоге и укажите его видовременную форму. Обратите внимание на то, что в предложении может быть

несколько сказуемых.
Образец:
Advertising is used to increase sales.	Реклама используется для увеличения
 is used – Present Simple	продаж.

1.In ancient times, shells were money because they were accepted as a means of payment for goods and services.

2.Transport has become one of the biggest sectors of economy where information technologies are being applied.

3.Portraits of famous people such as Isaac Newton, the Duke of Wellington, Florence Nightingale, etc. are featured on the backs of English banknotes.

4.After the annual report had been checked, the auditors presented the analysis to the Board of Directors.

5.In recent years, the increase in the world population has been accompanied by the increase in consumption per capita.

(б) Перепишите предложения, поставив глагол в указанную видовременную форму страдательного залога. Обратите внимание на место наречия в предложении. Переведите предложения на русский язык.

1.Paper money (increasingly / replace) by cashless payments. (Present Continuous)

2.By the end of 1993, about one-third of state enterprises (privatize) in Russia. (Past Perfect)

3.The British Government has announced recently that expenditures for social programs (cut) next year. (Future Simple)

4.I (tell) that the company has a vacancy of a chief accountant. (Present Perfect)

5.At the general meeting, the stockholders (inform) of the company's activity over the previous year. (Past Simple)

Упр. 2. (a) Преобразуйте предложения из действительного залога в страдательный, начиная каждое предложение с подчеркнутого слова или фразы.

Образец: Heavy taxes hamper the development of business. → The development of business is hampered by heavy taxes.

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1.The balance sheet gives all information about the company's financial status.

2.When we entered the office, the managers were discussing the ways of the company development.

3.The firm will issue new shares next month.

4.The telephone company is promoting a new service for the customers.

5.The government has set a limit on wage increases.

(б) Преобразуйте предложения из страдательного залога в действительный, начиная каждое предложение с подчеркнутого слова или фразы.

Образец: The growth of unemployment was predicted by the economists. → The economists predicted the growth of unemployment.

1.Banknotes and coins are issued by the central bank.

2.The largest automobile manufacturing plant in Russia was designed by the Fiat company.

3.Considerable efforts are being made by the government now to solve economic problems.

4.The market research had carefully been done by the economist before he made up a detailed plan for developing their company.

5.The economic summit will be attended by finance ministers from many countries.

Упр. 3. Перепишите предложения. К каждому предложению задайте по два вопроса: разделительный и альтернативный.

1.The company's total income and losses are calculated at the end of the fiscal year.

2.Lloyd's, the biggest insurance organization in the world, was established by Edward Lloyd in 1871.

3.Tax incentives have been provided to small firms to encourage their activity.

4.The reorganization of the accounting department at this enterprise will be effected next month.

5.By that time, the government had already imposed a high tax upon luxury goods.

Упр. 4. (a) Перепишите предложения и переведите их на русский язык. Подчеркните модальные глаголы и их эквиваленты.

1.As all the shareholders of a large corporation can't run the company, they are to elect a board of directors.

2.Companies are declared bankrupt when they aren't able to meet their liabilities.

3.Only certified, competent auditors are allowed to conduct audits of a company's financial statements.

4.In earlier times, people who weren't able to pay their debts were treated as defrauders and criminals.

5.After financial crises, the government has to take special decisions to achieve a balanced economy.

(б) Перепишите предложения, заменяя слова в скобках на модальные глаголы или их эквиваленты, данные в рамке. Переведите предложения на русский язык.

must

won't be able to

will have to

are allowed to

is able to

1.Goods were damaged in transit due to careless packing. The manufacturing plant (придется) compensate losses of the wholesale firm.

2.Russia (может) supply its population with necessary amounts of gas and petrol.

3.You (должен) have a special license to import or export exotic animals.

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4.By law, certain producers (разрешается) have a full monopoly over the sale of their goods.

5.We (не сможем) fulfill an important order in time because several machines have broken down.

(в) Выберите один из предложенных вариантов ответа. Запишите свои ответы в таблицу:

1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9	10

1. According to international standards, equipment at the plants ___ to be replaced every eight years.

a) is allowed to

b) is

c) are able

d) must

2. The government ___ provide tax relief for smaller producers.

a) are to

b) is able

c) must to

d) should

3. Free enterprise is an economic system in which businesses ___ to compete for profit without much government control.

a) must

b) aren't allowed

c) are able

d) were

4. Forensic accountants ___ work like detectives in search of fraudulent entries.

a) will be able

b) were allowed

c) is to

d) have to

5. By means of computer programmes, economists ___ to make more complex economic models in future.

a) will be able

b) were allowed

c) should

d) has

6. If you open a bank account in the Bahamas, you ___ pay income tax.

a) doesn't have to

b) won't have to

c) wasn't to

d) aren't allowed

7. Insurance is a financial protection against an event, which ___ happen.

a) may

b) are allowed to c) is able

d) must

8. When most countries of Central Europe exhausted their coal resources, they ___ import large quantities of gas and oil.

a) don't have to

b) are allowed to

c) will have to

d) had to

9. The company ___ to make some profit even during the inflation.

a) are

b) was able

c) should

d) isn't allowed

10. According to the government regulation, all the posters advertising tobacco goods ___ to carry a health warning.

a) were able

b) are allowed

c) are

d) must

Упр. 5. Прочитайте текст, устно переведите его и письменно выполните послетекстовые упражнения.

Economic Growth

(1)Many millions of people enjoy a quality of life today that previous generations could not have dreamed of. Home ownership, private cars and holidays are now standard for most families in industrialized countries. And at the same time, billions of people in other countries live without even clean drinking water. How can this be? The answer is that the fortunate few live in countries with sustained economic growth.

(2)An economy is growing when the gross national product is increasing year after year. When economists calculate economic growth, though, they must take into account the effects of inflation. For example, imagine that the gross national product of a country increased from $500 billion to $510 billion. That's an increase of 2% in output. Very impressive! However, if the rate of inflation was 2%, then there has been no real growth at all.

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(3)The other thing to remember about economic growth is that not all growth is good. Governments want steady, sustainable growth. Sudden, sharp increases in growth called a boom can cause the economy to overheat and fall into recession.

(4)Most economists agree that three things are essential for economic growth: capital growth, savings and technological progress.

(5)Capital refers to the factories and machinery that the workforce uses to turn raw materials into products. More workers and more raw materials will only lead to a certain amount of growth. Eventually, the economy needs more capital for the labour to use. Capital growth can also include training and education for the labour force. This makes the workforce more efficient, creative and productive.

(6)Of course, someone has to pay for the new machines and training. In other words, capital growth needs investment. Money for investment needs to be borrowed from banks. Banks can only lend if customers make savings. This is why savings are so important for growth. However, the economy won't grow if everyone is saving and no one is spending. Getting the right balance between consumption and saving is another part of the challenge of economic growth.

(7)But above all, technology is really essential for economic growth. An advance in technology can increase productivity from the same amount of capital and resources: just what the chancellor ordered!

Упр. 6. Сопоставьте термины и их значение. Запишите свои ответы в таблицу:

1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9	10

1.	boom	a)	the total value of goods produced and services
			provided by a country during one year
2.	borrow	b)	the rate at which prices increase over time, causing
			the value of money to fall
3.	capital	c)	a period of temporary economic decline during which
			trade and industrial activity are reduced
4.	gross national	d)	the basic material from which a product is made
	product
5.	output	e)	the total number of people who are employed by a
			particular company
6.	quality of life	f)	buildings or machinery, which are necessary to
			produce goods or to make companies more efficient
7.	rate of inflation	g)	the amount of something that a person, a machine, an
			organization or an industry produces
8.	raw material	h) to take money from a person or bank under an
			agreement to pay it back later
9.	recession	i)	the general well being of individuals and societies
10.	workforce	j)	a period of great prosperity or rapid economic growth

Упр. 7. Перепишите следующие предложения. Напишите «True», если предложение соответствует содержанию текста, и «False», если вы не согласны с данным утверждением. Укажите номер абзаца, в котором содержится ответ.

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Образец:

Many millions of people enjoy a high quality of life nowadays. True (paragraph 1)

1.Home ownership and private cars are now standard for most families in less-developed countries.

2.A high life quality is only possible in countries with sustained economic growth.

3.When calculating economic growth, economists can ignore the effects of inflation.

4.Economic growth is always good.

5.Economists have no idea about what causes economic growth.

6.The factories and machinery that the labour force uses to turn raw materials into products are called capital.

7.Advanced technology can increase productivity.

Упр. 8. Закончите разделительные вопросы и дайте на них краткие ответы.

1.Many millions of people enjoy a high quality of life today, ___?

2.An economy isn't growing then the GNP is increasing, ___?

3.A boom can cause the economy to overheat and fall into recession, ___?

4.Capital growth, savings and technological progress aren't essential for economic growth,

___?

5.More workers and more raw materials will lead to economic growth, ___?

6.Training and education make the workforce less efficient, creative and productive, ___?

7.Money for investment must be borrowed from banks, ___?

В А Р И А Н Т 3

Упр. 1. (а) Перепишите предложения и переведите их на русский язык. Подчеркните в каждом из них сказуемое в страдательном залоге и укажите его видовременную форму. Обратите внимание на то, что в предложении может быть несколько сказуемых.

Образец:

Advertising is used to increase sales.	Реклама используется для
 is used – Present Simple	увеличения продаж.

1.The tax accountant has already been informed of changes in state tax laws.

2.During the Industrial Revolution, human labour was being replaced by machinery and factories were being built all over England.

3.The price of a commodity in a market is determined by the law of demand and supply.

4.The process of transferring payments from bank to bank was greatly quickened after SWIFT system had been introduced.

5.Large amounts of money are being spent now by companies on advertising for the promotion of their goods and services.

(б) Перепишите предложения, поставив глагол в указанную видовременную форму страдательного залога. Переведите предложения на русский язык.

1.Silver and gold coins (use) for payments for at least about 4,000 years. (Present Perfect)

2.The owners of the firm hope that the repayment of the loan (defer) by the bank for a month. (Future Simple)

3.All the goods (sell) at cost prices in this department store all month long. (Past Continuous)

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4.After the company (declare) bankrupt, its staff (make) redundant. (Past Perfect / Past Simple)

5.The firm's assets and liabilities (list) in two columns of the balance sheet. (Present Simple)

Упр. 2. (a) Преобразуйте предложения из действительного залога в страдательный, начиная каждое предложение с подчеркнутого слова или фразы.

Образец: Heavy taxes hamper the development of business. → The development of business is hampered by heavy taxes.

1.Disagreement over some minor details is holding the trade negotiations.

2.The company had executed the order by the end of the month.

3.Business partners will sign an important contract at the next negotiations.

4.The company has reduced prices by 10 percent recently.

5.Henry Ford founded the Ford Motor Company in 1909.

(б) Преобразуйте предложения из страдательного залога в действительный, начиная каждое предложение с подчеркнутого слова или фразы.

Образец: The growth of unemployment was predicted by the economists. → The economists predicted the growth of unemployment.

1.Balance sheets are drawn up by a company's accountant annually.

2.Thirty new workers were hired by this enterprise.

3.In recent decades, the problems of energy saving have been discussed by governments of many countries.

4.Nowadays, computer technology is being widely used by banks to perform financial transactions.

5.Economists agreed that many economic problems had been caused by inflation.

Упр. 3. Перепишите предложения. К каждому предложению задайте по два вопроса: разделительный и альтернативный.

1.The first banks were located in the large trading centers around the Mediterranean Sea.

2.She has been paid $100 for her work.

3.The equipment will be delivered within 6 months from the date of payment.

4.The shareholders' general meeting is being held now at the conference hall.

5.By 2001, the euro had been adopted by 12 of the member nations of the European Union.

Упр. 4. (a) Перепишите предложения и переведите их на русский язык. Подчеркните модальные глаголы и их эквиваленты.

1.When a customer buys goods on credit, he doesn't have to pay for them immediately

2.Japan is a small nation, which was able to overtake such industrialized country as the USA in some fields of economy.

3.Unless an accountant is certified, he can't provide such an accounting service as complex audits of corporate financial records.

4.The employees of our company are allowed to have a month's vacation once a year.

5.The financial statements are to be prepared according to generally accepted accounting principles.

(б) Перепишите предложения, заменяя слова в скобках на модальные глаголы или их эквиваленты, данные в рамке. Переведите предложения на русский язык.

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wasn't able to

are to

weren't allowed to

may

has to

1.An employee (может) be dismissed if he/she has violated the employment contract.

2.This bank's license was withdrawn, as the bank (не смог) meet its liabilities.

3.Switzerland (приходится) import most raw materials needed for industry as it has a limited supply of natural resources.

4.The firm's staff (не разрешалось) use office telephones for private calls.

5.Pensions and other social payments (должны) be raised every year because of inflation.

(в) Выберите один из предложенных вариантов ответа. Запишите свои ответы в таблицу:

1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9	10

1.	The contract ___ to be signed by both the manager and the chief accountant of the company.
	a) must	b) has	c) are able	d) was to
2.	After the new equipment had been installed, the plant ___ to raise its output.
	a) will have	b) are	c) was able	d) should
3.	Income tax is a certain percentage of your income that you ___ pay regularly to the
	government.
	a) must	b) are allowed to	c) are able to	d) has to
4.	As the company had earned high income, it ___ to borrow a long-term loan from a bank.
	a) weren't allowed	b) didn't have	c) couldn't	d) won't be able
5.	You ___ to pay all the invoices not later than 30 days from the date of issue.
	a) are	b) may	c) will be able to	d) has
6.	If the bank is closed, you ___ withdraw some money from your account using an ATM.
	a) mustn't	b) is allowed to	c) were	d) are able to
7.	In order to protect his invention (a new machine, a medicine, a process etc.), an inventor
	___ to obtain a patent.
	a) should	b) are able	c) is	d) will have to
8.	To start his own business, Mr. Smith ___ borrow a large sum of money at high interest.
	a) are allowed to	b) had to	c) must to	d) will be able
9.	According to the company's dress code, men ___ to come to the office without a tie.
	a) may not	b) have to	c) isn't able	d) aren't allowed
10.	All the financial documents of a company ___ be checked by the tax inspector.
	a) is to	b) will be able	c) can	d) must to

Упр. 5. Прочитайте текст, устно переведите его и письменно выполните послетекстовые упражнения.

Open Economy

(1)All through history, people from one society have been trading with people from another. Three thousand years ago, for example, the Phoenicians built an economy almost completely on foreign trade. In the jargon of economies, the Phoenicians had an open economy, and almost every economy since theirs has been open, too.

(2)When an economy is open, this means that it imports and exports goods and services. What are the benefits of doing this? First of all, if you trade with other economics, you can import goods that don't exist in your economy. These may be products that your economy cannot manufacture, but they may also be raw materials. In this way, importing can actually help an economy grow. What's more if you allow imports from other countries, then you will

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