методички / 4030 ЭИ

Упр. 2. Оборот There is / are

(a) Перепишите предложения и переведите их на русский язык.

1.There are two kinds of accountants: private accountants, who are employed by a company, and public accountants, who function as independent experts.

2.The company closed down because there wasn't much demand for its product.

3.Economists predict that there will be considerable fluctuations in prices of industrial shares for a period of several months.

(б) Составьте предложения из двух частей и переведите их на русский язык.

	A		B
1.	There is	a)	discounts for the regular customers in some companies.
2.	There are	b)	regular periods of booms and slumps in the world's economy in the
			19th century.
3.	There was	c)	a relationship between the price of oil and the euro exchange rate.
4.	There were	d)	tax increases on a range of goods and services next year.
5.	There will be	e)	a sharp fall in the standard of living in Russia after the 1993 crisis.

Упр. 3. (a) Перефразируйте следующие словосочетания, употребляя притяжательный падеж, и переведите их на русский язык.

Образец: the work of a bookkeeper — a bookkeeper's work (работа бухгалтера)

1.	the main competitor of Coca Cola	4.	the profession of an accountant
2.	the skills of workers	5.	the headquarters of the corporation
3.	the prosperity of a country	6.	advertising revenue of newspapers

(б) Перепишите следующие предложения и переведите их на русский язык. Обратите внимание на подчеркнутые слова и укажите, какую функцию выполняет окончание –s, т. е. служит ли оно:

показателем 3-го лица единственного числа глагола в Present Simple;

признаком множественного числа имени существительного;

показателем притяжательного падежа имени существительного.

1.An accountant designs a company's financial policy.

2.Although the financial consultant's fee was high, his guidance and advice were well worth the money.

3.Demand is a consumer's willingness and ability to buy a product or service at a particular time and place.

4.The manager's salary depends on how well the business operates.

5.The environmental economics study how people's economic activities influence the earth's climate and ecology.

Упр. 4. (а) Образуйте степени сравнения следующих прилагательных и

наречий и переведите их на русский язык.

quick

productive

easy

strong

rational

many

friendly

(б) Перепишите предложения и переведите их на русский язык. Подчеркните прилагательные и наречия в сравнительной или превосходной степени. Укажите степень сравнения.

1.In Great Britain, the profession of the auditor is considered one of the most prestigious and well-paid professions.

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2.The exchange of commodities between European countries became more convenient and rapid due to euro.

3.There is a huge gap between income per capita in one of the poorest countries in the world, Liberia, and wealthier nations such as the United States and Luxembourg.

4.The financial problems of the company were more serious than we had expected.

5.Great Depression of 1929 was the longest and severest economic crisis in the history of the Western world.

(в) Выберите один из предложенных вариантов ответа. Запишите свои ответы в таблицу:

1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9	10

1. During the 1970s, the economy of such countries as Brazil, Hong Kong, South Korea and Singapore developed two times ___ than the economy of the rich industrial nations.

a) the quickest

b) quicker

c) the most quick

2. More and more companies consider employees their ___ asset.

a) less valuable

b) most valuable

c) more valuable

3. U.S. productivity and standard of living remain one of ___ in the industrial world.

a) higher

b) the most high

c) the highest

4. Britain must try to import ___ goods from overseas, so as to help domestic industries.

a) fewer

b) the fewest

c) more few

5. If company's liabilities are ___ than its assets, the company may go bankrupt.

a) the greatest

b) more greater

c) greater

6. About 60 % of the world's population lives in poor countries, the two ___ of which are India and Indonesia.

a) larger

b) largest

c) most large

7. A ___ euro will make European exports more expensive on the global market.

a) stronger

b) strongest

c) more strong

8. In modern economics, taxes are ___ source of government revenues.

a) the most important

b) more important

c) the least important

9. The firm fired experienced staff and replaced them by younger people on ___ salaries.

a) more low

b) the most low

c) lower

10. Companies use advanced technologies and outsourcing to be ___.

a) less competitive b) more competitive c) the least competitive

Упр. 5. (а) Перепишите предложения и переведите их на русский язык. Подчеркните в каждом из них сказуемое и укажите его видовременную форму. Обратите внимание на то, что в предложении может быть несколько сказуемых.

Образец:
The annual financial report includes the	Годовой финансовый отчёт
sale figures of the company.	включает данные об объёме
 includes – Present Simple	продаж компании.

1.Balance sheet is a statement of how much money has come in and how much has gone out the company's accounts.

2.Between the 1960s and 1970s, Brazil's economy was developing at a very high rate and people's living standard was rising in spite of its high population growth.

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3.The bank will make a loan to a company only after its experts study thoroughly the company's balance sheet.

4.Nowadays, direct payments of wages into the employees' bank accounts are becoming more and more popular.

5.Since the country earned more than it had spent, it has a favorable balance of payment.

(б) Перепишите предложения, поставив глагол в указанную видовременную форму. Переведите предложения на русский язык.

1.Last year, Uganda (export) coffee worth $345 million, which (account) for approximately 99% of its exports. (Past Simple / Past Simple)

2.Nowadays, industrialized countries (seek) for new markets for selling their goods especially in Latin America and Africa. (Present Continuous)

3.I (lose) all money that I (invest) in these shares. (Past Simple / Past Perfect)

4.Statistics (show) that consumption per capita (increase) in developed countries. (Present Simple / Present Perfect)

5.The USD exchange rate (increase) within the first two decades of the month and (fluctuate) in a narrow range in the last decade. (Past Continuous / Past Continuous)

Упр. 6. Перепишите предложения. К каждому предложению задайте по два вопроса: общий и специальный. Специальные вопросы начинайте с вопросительных слов, данных в скобках.

1.In Russia, the price level is constantly moving only one way – up. (Where)

2.Economics consists of two main branches: macroeconomics and microeconomics. (What branches)

3.The demand for cars has decreased because of the crisis. (Why)

4.In the late 18th and early 19th centuries, banks began issuing banknotes. (When)

5.Individuals and businesses often borrow money from banks. (Where)

Упр. 7. Прочитайте текст, устно переведите его и письменно выполните послетекстовые упражнения.

Economy of Switzerland

Switzerland is a country with a highly developed mixed economy, which is based on manufacturing and service sector.

Switzerland's transformation from an agrarian country into an industrial one began during the late 19th century. Three basic factors contributed to rapid development of the country's economy: (a) a large amount of inexpensive hydroelectric power; (b) a central position within Europe; and (c) skilled labor force. Successful economic development was also helped by the fact that the country was not involved in any wars for more than two centuries and a half.

Nowadays, the economy of this country is one of the world's most stable economies. Switzerland has one of the world's highest living standards and employment levels. The GNP per capita is about 33,000 dollars, higher than in any other industrial country. Unemployment is less than 4%. It should be said that all industries are heavily dependent on foreign guest workers, who account for a large segment of the employed labor force.

The nation's industries manufacture a large number of products that are exported around the world. Hi-tech industries are in the forefront of Swiss economic development. Major exports now are machinery, watches, pharmaceutical products and chemicals. The notable quality of its manufactured goods permits Switzerland to remain competitive in the world market.

At the end of the 20th century, the longtime dominance of the Swiss watch industry was severely challenged by Asian competitors – particularly Taiwan and Japan. To meet the

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competition, the Swiss had to merge several companies to reduce costs, to do research and development for making higher-quality products, and to mass-produce inexpensive watches. The innovations helped to keep the watch industry competitive.

Switzerland's famous banking system and its reputation for financial secrecy made it a key center of international finances. Foreign investors are drawn to Swiss banks by the nation's economic and political stability as well as by the long experience of Swiss bankers.

Agriculture isn't the leading branch of the economy. It accounts for 3% of the GNP. Only 5% of the labor force is employed in agricultural sector. Swiss agriculture is highly subsidized by the government. Farming is difficult because of the mountainous terrain and the lack of good soils. Most farms are owned by families and are mainly medium to small in size. Food industries focus on cheese and chocolate products.

Упр. 8. Выпишите из текста английские эквиваленты следующих слов и словосочетаний.

1.высокоразвитая экономика смешанного типа

2.обрабатывающая промышленность и сфера услуг

3.квалифицированная рабочая сила

4.уровень жизни

5.уровень занятости населения

6.валовой национальный продукт на душу населения

7.находиться в сильной зависимости от

8.большая часть занятой рабочей силы

9.основные статьи экспорта

10.товары промышленного производства

11.оставаться конкурентоспособным на мировом рынке

12.швейцарская часовая индустрия

13.выдерживать конкуренцию

14.научно-исследовательские и опытно-конструкторские работы

15.в значительной степени субсидируется государством

Упр. 9. Перепишите предложения. Заполните пропуски словами или словосочетаниями, данными в правой колонке. Переведите предложения на

русский язык.
1.	Swiss economy is based on ___ and ___.	a)	hi-tech industries
2.	Switzerland's economic stability draws ___ to Swiss banks.	b)	agriculture

3.The ___ per capita is higher than in any other industrial country. c) service sector

4.The availability of ___ is one of the factors, which d) foreign investors contributed to rapid development of the country's economy.

e)manufactured goods

	5.	Agriculture isn't the ___ of the economy.	f)	gross national
	6.	__ are in the forefront of Swiss economic development.
	7.	The Swiss had to merge several watch companies to do ___		product
		for making higher-quality products.	g)	research and
	8.	Switzerland remains competitive in the world market owing		development
		to the notable quality of its ___.	h) leading branch
	9.	Switzerland is a prosperous country with one of the world's
			i)	living standards
		highest ___.	j)	manufacturing
	10.	Swiss ___ is highly subsidized by the government.
			k)	skilled labor force

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Упр. 10. Перепишите следующие общие вопросы к тексту и дайте на них краткие ответы.

1.Is Switzerland a country with a highly developed planned economy?

2.Did Switzerland's transformation from an agrarian country into an industrial one begin in the late 20th century?

3.Was the country not involved in any wars for more than two centuries and a half?

4.Is successful economic development helped by the fact that the country has a large amount of inexpensive hydroelectric power?

5.Does Switzerland have one of the world's lowest employment levels?

6.Do foreign guest workers account for a large segment of the employed labor force?

7.Are a lot of Swiss manufactured goods exported around the world?

8.Do you know what Switzerland's major exports are?

9.Was the dominance of the Swiss watch industry severely challenged by American competitors at the end of the 20th century?

10.Have several watch producing companies merged to meet the competition in the world market?

В А Р И А Н Т 5

Упр. 1. Перепишите предложения, поставив глаголы to be и to have в указанную видовременную форму. Переведите предложения на русский язык.

1.In the USA, cities and states (have) the right to increase the price of some goods.

(Present Simple)

2.He (be) as expert in finance and advised people where to invest their money. (Past Simple)

3.The status of accountant's profession in Great Britain (to be) very high. (Present Simple)

4.The bank refused to grant him a loan because he (have) a lot of outstanding debts. (Past Simple)

5.I (be) sure that our new product (be) in great demand as we offer high quality goods at competitive prices. (Present Simple / Future Simple)

Упр. 2. Оборот There is / are

(a) Перепишите предложения и переведите их на русский язык.

1.There are many financial institutions, which provide finance for companies, such as banks, insurance companies, pension funds, investment trusts and others.

2.In the early 20th century, developing countries couldn't enter the world market, as there were strong trade barriers.

3.If there is an increase in demand for a commodity, there will be an increase in its price.

(б) Составьте предложения из двух частей и переведите их на русский язык.

	A		B
1.	There is	a)	a sharp decline in the purchasing power of population in Russia
			after the 1998 financial crisis.
2.	There are	b)	a radical reduction in government spending next year.
3.	There was	c)	about 3,309 job openings for economists in 2015 in the US.
4.	There were	d) a strong competition among large companies in the world
			market.
5.	There won't be	e)	different kinds of bank accounts but the most popular is the
			current one.

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Упр. 3. (a) Перефразируйте следующие словосочетания, употребляя притяжательный падеж, и переведите их на русский язык.

Образец: the work of a bookkeeper — a bookkeeper's work (работа бухгалтера)

1.	the needs of consumers	4.	the principal industries of Great Britain
2.	the forecasts of economists	5.	financial statements of a company
3.	the welfare of a nation	6.	the suggestion of the Finance Minister

(б) Перепишите следующие предложения и переведите их на русский язык. Обратите внимание на подчеркнутые слова и укажите, какую функцию выполняет окончание –s, т. е. служит ли оно:

показателем 3-го лица единственного числа глагола в Present Simple;

признаком множественного числа имени существительного;

показателем притяжательного падежа имени существительного.

1.Auditors are usually independent accountants who review an enterprise's financial records.

2.General Motor's annual profit exceeds two billion dollars.

3.During the economic crises, consumers' expenditures usually decrease and it greatly affects the business activity of all market sellers.

4.Trademark, copyright and patents belong to company's intangible assets.

5.The UK uses the pound sterling as its currency and has no plans to replace it with the euro.

Упр. 4. (а) Образуйте степени сравнения следующих прилагательных.

Переведите их на русский язык.

busy

competitive

bad

safe

convenient

high

healthy

(б) Перепишите предложения и переведите их на русский язык. Подчеркните прилагательные и наречия в сравнительной или превосходной степени. Укажите степень сравнения.

1.In India, the oldest branch of industry and the most important as a source of employment is the manufacture of cotton and textiles.

2.The new model is much more competitive and is in stronger demand than the old one.

3.Luxembourg is the country with the highest income per capita in the world.

4.A new product will be sold more successfully if a wide advertising campaign is organized professionally.

5.After World War II, the USA was the strongest nation in the world. It ranked first in productive capacity; its banks were the largest and most influential in the world.

(в) Выберите один из предложенных вариантов ответа. Запишите свои ответы в таблицу:

1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9	10

1.	Countries export some products and import others because sometimes it is ___ to
	produce than to buy.
	a) the least expensive	b) less expensive	c) more expensive
2.	Only ___ tourists can afford to stay at the Imperial Hotel.
	a) the most wealthy	b) the wealthiest	c) wealthier

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3.	In some countries, women are paid ___ than men for the same work.
	a) the most	b) less	c) the least
4.	Bill Gates founded Microsoft Corporation, the world's ___ software company, in 1975.
	a) more prosperous	b) least prosperous	c) most prosperous
5.	Naturally, the banks put their money where it brings them ___ profit.
	a) the highest	b) highest	c) the most high
6.	By law, an individual proprietor pays ___ taxes than a large corporation does.
	a) fewer	b) more few	c) the fewest
7.	___ form of business organization in the UK is the joint stock company.
	a) Most important	b) The most important	c) Less important
8.	In India, average income per capita is among ___ in the world due to low level of labor
	productivity.
	a) lower	b) lowest	c) the lowest
9.	The company offers a ___ range of products than any of its competitors.
	a) more wide	b) wider	c) the widest
10.	Kuwait being one of the richest countries has ___ currency of the world: one dinar has
	the value of $US3.31.
	a) stronger	b) the most strongest	c) the strongest
	Упр. 5. (а) Перепишите	предложения и переведите их на русский язык.

Подчеркните в каждом из них сказуемое и укажите его видовременную форму. Обратите внимание на то, что в предложении может быть несколько сказуемых.

Образец:
The annual financial report includes the	Годовой финансовый отчёт
sale figures of the company.	включает данные об объёме
 includes – Present Simple	продаж компании.

1.Monthly, quarterly and annual reports summarize the company's financial performance over a specific time period.

2.By the end of 1923, prices in Germany had increased one million times in comparison with their pre-war level due to hyperinflation.

3.Many companies are now looking for ways to improve the quality of their products or services to stay competitive.

4.His business went bankrupt because of poor management and bad financial decisions.

5.The international status and usage of the euro has grown since its launch in 1999.

(б) Перепишите предложения, поставив глагол в указанную видовременную форму. Переведите предложения на русский язык.

1.A ledger (be) a book in which a bookkeeper (record) the company's financial accounts.

(Present Simple / Present Simple)

2.When the accountant (prepare) a balance sheet, he (make) a few serious mistakes. (Past Continuous / Past Simple)

3.Technological and scientific advances (increase) size and cost of industrial production.

(Present Perfect)

4.The number of people who use the Internet for business or banking constantly (grow).

(Present Continuous)

5.After the market manager carefully (study) the price list, he (agree) to place a larger order. (Past Perfect / Past Simple)

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Упр. 6. Перепишите предложения. К каждому предложению задайте по два вопроса: общий и специальный. Специальные вопросы начинайте с вопросительных слов, данных в скобках.

1.In modern society, government revenue comes mainly from taxation. (Where)

2.Many people lost their jobs when the firm went into bankruptcy. (Why)

3.Brazil will increase the exports of foodstuffs to our country next year. (When)

4.This year, the real purchasing power of the rouble has plummeted because of inflation.

(Why)

5.British companies donate around £500 million a year to charities. (How much)

Упр. 7. Прочитайте текст, устно переведите его и письменно выполните послетекстовые упражнения.

Contemporary Russia: the fall and rise of the market economy

A recent survey compared the cost of living in cities around the world. Not surprisingly, the top 10 most expensive cities included Tokyo, London and New York. But more expensive than any of these was ... Moscow! Less than three decades ago, Moscow was the heart of the world's biggest planned economy. There was no property for sale back then. The state-run shops had few consumer goods. Shortages for simple things like shoes were common. Today, things could not be more different. Moscow is the centre of a free market with some of the highest property prices in the world. The state-run shops have been replaced by expensive shopping centers and designer stores. But the change has not been easy.

The Russian government of the early l990s decided to use a shock therapy approach. They introduced severe fiscal and monetary policies. The government drastically cut its spending. It reduced subsidies to its crumbling state-run industries. Interest rates and taxes were raised. Government price controls on nearly all consumer goods were lifted. Only prices for staple goods like food and energy remained controlled by the government. New laws were introduced to allow private ownership and businesses to exist.

All of these measures were intended to create conditions for a market economy to grow. However, they also caused great hardship for ordinary people. Most workers at that time were on fixed incomes. The economic reforms caused the cost of living to rise, but the wages and salaries did not rise at the same rate. To make matters worse1, events in the banking system in 1992 caused the money supply to balloon. This resulted in hyperinflation. Despite Russia's enormous reserves of oil and gas, the economy went into a long and difficult depression. Finally, in l998, when an economic crisis hit the East Asian Tigers2, oil prices began to fall around the world. For Russia, it turned a depression into an economic crisis.

However, from 1999 world oil prices began to rise again. Mostly with money earned from energy exports, Russia began to pay off its foreign debts. Inflation fell and the value of the rouble stabilized. The economy was recovering. GDP grew steadily year after year, and foreign investors began to show interest in investing in the country's economy. Moscow's place at the top of the list of the world's most expensive cities is not enviable. However, it is a clear sign that the Russian economy has survived a difficult time.

Notes: 1to make matters worse – и в довершение всего

2East Asian Tigers – Восточно-азиатские тигры (термин относится к четырем азиатским странам, демонстрирующим быстрые темпы экономического развития: Гонконгу, Сингапуру, Южной Корее и Тайваню)

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Упр. 8. Выпишите из текста английские эквиваленты следующих слов и

словосочетаний.
1.	прожиточный минимум	8.	регулирование цен
2.	потребительские товары	9.	товары первой необходимости
3.	метод шоковой терапии	10.	частная собственность
4.	жесткая налогово-бюджетная и	11.	получать фиксированный доход
	кредитно-денежная политика	12.	зарплата рабочих и служащих
5.	сократить расходы	13.	привели к резкому увеличению
6.	государственные отрасли		денежной массы в обращении
	промышленности	14.	экспорт энергоресурсов
7.	процентные ставки и налоги	15.	валовой внутренний продукт

Упр. 9. Перепишите предложения. Заполните пропуски словами или словосочетаниями, данными в правой колонке. Переведите предложения на

	русский язык.
	1.	In the early l990s, the Russian government decided to use a ___.	a)	subsidies
	2.	The economic reforms caused the ___ to rise.	b)	fiscal and monetary
	3.	The government reduced ___ to the crumbling state-run		policies
		industries.
			c)	consumer goods
	4.	Less than three decades ago, Moscow was the capital of the
		world's biggest ___.	d) money supply
			e)	interest rates
	5.	There was s shortage of ___ in the state-run shops in Russia
		before 1991.	f)	shock therapy
	6.	The Russian government's stabilization program resulted in		approach
		raised ___ and ___.	g)	value of the rouble
	7.	The government began the transition to the free market with	h)	price controls
		the introduction of severe ___.	i)	cost of living
	8.	Government lifted ___ on nearly all consumer goods.
			j)	planned economy
	9.	The sharp increase in the ___ resulted in hyperinflation.
	10.	From 1999, inflation began to fall and the ___ stabilized.	k)	taxes

Упр. 10. Перепишите следующие общие вопросы к тексту и дайте на них краткие ответы.

1.Did a recent survey compare the cost of goods and services in cities around the world?

2.Do the top 10 most expensive cities include Moscow?

3.Was there any property for sale back in Russia before 1991?

4.Have the state-run shops been replaced by cheap shopping centers and designer stores?

5.Has the transition from the planned economy to the free market been easy?

6.Were new laws introduced to allow private ownership and businesses to exist?

7.Do brilliants and yachts refer to staple goods?

8.Did Russian program of «shock therapy reforms» cause great hardship for ordinary people?

9.Did Russia begin to pay off its foreign debts mostly with money earned from food exports?

10.Has the Russian economy survived a difficult time?

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К О Н Т Р О Л Ь Н А Я Р А Б О Т А № 2

Прежде чем приступить к выполнению контрольной работы № 2, вам необходимо повторить следующие разделы курса английского языка:

1.Формы Simple, Continuous, Perfect (Present, Past, Future) в страдательном залоге.

2.Модальные глаголы (must, can, may, should, need) и их эквиваленты (have to, be to, be able to, be allowed to)

3.Порядок слов в альтернативных и разделительных вопросах.

В А Р И А Н Т 1

Упр. 1. (а) Перепишите предложения и переведите их на русский язык. Подчеркните в каждом из них сказуемое в страдательном залоге и укажите его видовременную форму. Обратите внимание на то, что в предложении может быть

несколько сказуемых.
Образец:
Advertising is used to increase sales.	Реклама используется для
 is used – Present Simple	увеличения продаж.

1.An income tax is imposed on the incomes of natural persons or on the profits of enterprises.

2.Over the last hundred years, real wages have been increased between 5 and 15 times, whereas working time has been cut by nearly half.

3.Information technology will be extensively used in accounting practices of the future.

4.In some countries, foreign currency is being used alongside domestic currency.

5.The exchange of goods between countries of European Union became much more convenient after euro had been put in circulation.

(б) Перепишите предложения, поставив глагол в указанную видовременную форму страдательного залога. Переведите предложения на русский язык.

1.Many economists consider that coins and banknotes (entirely / replace) by plastic cards within the next decade. (Future Simple)

2.Due to independent auditing, reliable information about the company's financial position (publish). (Present Perfect)

3.The contract (sign) after the terms of payment and delivery (discuss). (Past Simple / Past Perfect)

4.In spite of inflation in this country, the growth of prices for consumer goods (control) by the government. (Present Continuous)

5.In the early 1990s, 40% of Russia's labor force (employ) in the private sector of economy. (Past Simple)

Упр. 2. (a) Преобразуйте предложения из действительного залога в страдательный, начиная каждое предложение с подчеркнутого слова или фразы.

Образец: Heavy taxes hamper the development of business. → The development of business is hampered by heavy taxes.

1.Many people use the web for online shopping or banking.

2.Nowadays, companies are investing many millions of dollars to construct or modernize a factory.

3.Our company spent 3% of its sales revenues on advertising.

4.Brazil has recently increased the export of foodstuffs, one of which is coffee.

5.The bank will suspend your credit card until you replenish your account.

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