методички / 4030 ЭИ

have trading partnership. This means that you can export to countries. If you have customers all over the world, your economy will grow faster.

(3)Open economies are good for consumers, too. If the economy imports goods or services from abroad, there will be a greater variety of goods available locally. It should help to keep prices down and quality high. This is because local companies will have to compete with foreign companies, and more competition will mean better quality and lower prices.

(4)Economists describe imports and exports of material products as visible because you can really see and touch them. Examples of visible exports and imports are food stuffs, furniture and electronic equipment. However, there are also invisible imports and exports. These are mainly services, but can include all sorts of things. Examples of invisible exports and imports include banking services, insurance products, educational courses and tourism.

(5)Opening up economics, however, does bring problems. One of the main difficulties is keeping a favorable balance of trade. Every time a country manages to sell a product or service abroad, this means money will flow into the economy. On the other hand, every time someone buys from abroad, money flows out of the country. Over time, if the flow of money out of the economy is greater than the flow of money into the economy, then there is a trade deficit. This is not a good situation to be in. The challenge for governments is to keep the flow of trade equal in both directions, or to achieve a trade surplus. This is when total exports are greater than total imports.

Упр. 6. Сопоставьте термины и их значение. Запишите свои ответы в таблицу:

1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9	10

1.	balance of trade	a)	goods and services, which a country buys from abroad
2.	competition	b)	a situation in which a country is selling more to other
			countries than it is buying from them
3.	consumer	c)	people, companies or countries that do business together
4.	imports	d)	goods, rather than services, sent to other countries to be sold
5.	insurance	e)	a person who purchases goods and services for personal use
6.	raw material	f)	a situation in which a country is buying more things from
			other countries than it is selling to them
7.	trade deficit	g)	financial protection
8.	trade surplus	h)	the activities of companies that are trying to be more
			successful than others
9.	trading	i)	the difference in value between a country's imports and
	partnerships		exports over a certain period.
10.	visible exports	j)	the basic material from which a product is made

Упр. 7. Перепишите следующие предложения. Напишите «True», если предложение соответствует содержанию текста, и «False», если вы не согласны с данным утверждением. Укажите номер абзаца, в котором содержится ответ.

Образец: The Phoenicians built an economy almost completely on domestic trade. False

(paragraph 1)

1.Most economies in the world were closed until very recently.

2.Open economies exchange exports and imports with each other.

3.Importing products will always make the local economy shrink.

4.Only producers benefit from an open economy.

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5.Visible imports and exports are goods that you can really see and touch.

6.If you go abroad for a holiday, you create an invisible export for your country.

7.When exports earn more money than imports, there is a trade deficit for the economy.

Упр. 8. Закончите разделительные вопросы и дайте на них краткие ответы.

1.All through history, people from one society have been trading with people from another, ___?

2.The Phoenicians built an economy almost completely on domestic trade, ___?

3.Open economies don't have many benefits, ___?

4.Importing goods and services from abroad helps keep prices down locally, ___?

5.Economists describe imports and exports of material products as invisible, ___?

6.Examples of visible exports and imports are food stuffs, furniture and electronic equipment, ___?

7.The challenge for governments is to achieve a trade surplus, ___?

В А Р И А Н Т 4

Упр. 1. (а) Перепишите предложения и переведите их на русский язык. Подчеркните в каждом из них сказуемое в страдательном залоге и укажите его видовременную форму. Обратите внимание на то, что в предложении может быть несколько сказуемых.

Образец:

Advertising is used to increase sales.	Реклама используется для
 is used – Present Simple	увеличения продаж.

1.It has been calculated that the company can recover its expenses on technological improvements within a year.

2.The problem of tax benefits was being discussed by the leading economists at the yesterday's conference.

3.After the trial balance had been checked by the bookkeeper, it was sent to the chief accountant.

4.Accounting appeared in Italy in the 15th century, when an Italian monk published a book on mathematics in which the basic principles of bookkeeping were included.

5.Cheques, cheque cards and credit cards are also considered as money and they are increasingly being used nowadays.

(б) Перепишите предложения, поставив глагол в указанную видовременную форму страдательного залога. Переведите предложения на русский язык.

1.The chief accountant must sign all the contracts that (conclude) by the enterprise.

(Present Perfect)

2.This production technology (use) at the factory over a long period of time but it is obsolete by today's standards. (Past Continuous)

3.The process of collecting financial information and recording it (call) book-keeping.

(Present Simple)

4.The labor productivity (increase) by 10% at this factory after new technology (introduce). (Past Simple / Past Perfect)

5.In Norway, both the euro and the national currency, the crown, (use) in circulation now.

(Present Continuous)

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Упр. 2. (a) Преобразуйте предложения из действительного залога в страдательный, начиная каждое предложение с подчеркнутого слова или фразы.

Образец: Heavy taxes hamper the development of business. → The development of business is hampered by heavy taxes.

1.People use money every day.

2.The recession had caused a slowdown in the sale of new cars by the end of the year.

3.The accountants are preparing the company's balance sheet at the moment.

4.The company started the advertising campaign with the new corporate slogan last month.

5.They have raised labour efficiency by means of new machinery

(б) Преобразуйте предложения из страдательного залога в действительный, начиная каждое предложение с подчеркнутого слова или фразы.

Образец: The growth of unemployment was predicted by the economists. → The economists predicted the growth of unemployment.

1.Tax reductions are welcomed by the majority the population.

2.The accounts of the company were being checked by the auditors all week long.

3.About $10 million have already been invested by the oil company into the construction of the pipeline.

4.Such situation on the labour market was predicted by economists long ago.

5.The manager knows that the losses are being suffered by the company now.

Упр. 3. Перепишите предложения. К каждому предложению задайте по два вопроса: разделительный и альтернативный.

1.In Great Britain, tax is paid on incomes over 2,000 pounds sterling.

2.The negotiations were being held up because of disagreement over some minor details.

3.The salaries of all the company's employees will be increased by 6 per cent next month.

4.The first Stock Exchange was established in 1773 in London.

5.From ancient times, Russia has been known as a large producer of gold.

Упр. 4. (a) Перепишите предложения и переведите их на русский язык. Подчеркните модальные глаголы и их эквиваленты.

1.In addition to a balance sheet and an income statement, all companies have to prepare a statement of cash flows.

2.After the company had introduced advanced technologies, it was able to increase its profits.

3.In some countries, a trademark's owner of may lose his right to use it, if he didn't renew its registration.

4.Credit cards are very convenient because you don't have to carry cash. But you are to pay interest for using your cards.

5.According to the law, it isn't allowed to use as a trademark the flag of a foreign country or the name of a living person without his permission.

(б) Перепишите предложения, заменяя слова в скобках на модальные глаголы или их эквиваленты, данные в рамке. Переведите предложения на русский язык.

is to

will have to

isn't allowed to

should

are able to

1.Russia (придется) apply great efforts to rebuild industry and agriculture to increase their competitiveness.

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2.Nowadays, some goods manufactured in developing countries (могут) compete successfully in the world market.

3.The double recording of any transaction (следует) be done to avoid possible errors.

4.A standard set of financial statements (должен) be prepared by the end of each fiscal year.

5.According to Trade Union restrictions, it (нельзя) employ youths in some industries and many services sectors.

(в) Выберите один из предложенных вариантов ответа. Запишите свои ответы в таблицу:

1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9	10

1.	Shareholders ___ receive dividends only after creditors have received interest payments.
	a) are able	b) may	c) is to	d) should to
2.	At the end of the year or even monthly, a bookkeeper ___ prepare the trial balance.
	a) didn't have to	b) were able to	c) is to	d) is allowed
3.	We ___ start that important meeting on time as our French partner kept us waiting.
	a) were to	b) have to	c) must	d) weren't able to
4.	You ___ re-register the firm as soon as possible or you may have trouble.
	a) are to	b) will be allowed	c) may	d) is able to
5.	You ___ prepare this financial report today, you can do it tomorrow. It is not urgent.
	a) can't	b) don't have to	c) mustn't	d) will be able to
6.	In some countries, if a company's owner fires a worker without notice, he ___ be fined.
	a) are allowed to	b) doesn't have to	c) can	d) is
7.	In the late 1980s, many industries ___ to increase investments in IT technologies.
	a) had	b) are able	c) will have	d) should
8.	Thanks to jumble sales, people ___ get rid of all their unwanted things.
	a) is allowed to	b) couldn't	c) are able to	d) don't have to
9.	It ___ sell all foodstuffs after the expiration date.
	a) is able to	b) will be allowed	c) was to	d) isn't allowed to
10.	The firm ___ start the production of new equipment at the end of the year.
	a) must to	b) was to	c) has	d) are allowed to

Упр. 5. Прочитайте текст, устно переведите его и письменно выполните послетекстовые упражнения.

Market Economy

(1)Have you ever walked through a busy street market? People push their way through crowds of others. The air is full of deafening shouts. Stall owners yell to advertise their goods. Buyers cry out their orders. It's hard to imagine but behind this noisy confusion is a very logical economic theory: the market economy.

(2)The market economy is sometimes called the free market. A free market isn't controlled by a government. It is also free from the influence of customs or traditions. The only reason why things are bought and sold is because there is a demand for them. Prices for goods and services are simply what people are prepared to pay. The market economy isn't really controlled by anyone. It controls itself.

(3)The street market where we began has many of the characteristics of the free market. Customers arrive at the market with a shopping list of things they need. They also come with an idea of how much they are prepared to pay. Stall owners sell what customers demand, and try to get the highest price they can for it. Supply and demand control what is on the market and how much it sells for. In the wider economy, we are all customers and the stall owners are like

44

companies. The role of the company in the free market is to supply what people want. But companies need an incentive. The incentive is profit. There are 2 ways for companies to make a profit. The first way is to raise their prices. The second way is to reduce their production costs. And this brings us to two more features of the market economy: competition and technology.

(4)Competition exists in a free market because, theoretically, anyone can be a producer. This means that companies have to compete with each other for a share of the market. Competition is good for consumers because it helps to control prices and quality. If customers aren't happy with a product or service, or if they can't afford it, they will go to a competitor.

(5)Technology exists in a free market because producers need ways to reduce their costs. They cannot buy cheaper raw materials. Instead, they must make better use of time and labour. Technology is the use of tools and machines to do jobs in a better way. This helps companies produce more goods in less time and with less effort. The result: more profit.

(6)A truly free market economy doesn't exist anywhere in the world. This is because all governments set limits to control the economy. For this reason, a true market economy is only theoretical. But many of its features exist in most societies today.

Упр. 6. Сопоставьте термины и их значение. Запишите свои ответы в таблицу:

1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9	10

1.	advertise	a)	the money that you make in business or by selling things,
			especially after paying the costs involved
2.	competition	b)	costs incurred by a business when manufacturing a good or
			producing a service
3.	customer	c)	a thing that motivates someone to do something
4.	free market	d)	a list of purchases to be made
5.	government	e)	describe or draw attention to a product, service or event in a
			public medium to promote sales or attendance
6.	incentive	f)	the relationship between the amount of goods or services that are
			available and the amount that people want to buy them
7.	production	g)	the activities of companies that are trying to be more successful
	costs		than others
8.	profit	h)	the people who control a country and make laws
9.	shopping list	i)	a person who buys goods or services from a shop or business
10.	supply and	j)	an economic system in which prices are determined by unlimited
	demand		competition between privately owned businesses

Упр. 7. Перепишите следующие предложения. Напишите «True», если предложение соответствует содержанию текста, и «False», если вы не согласны с данным утверждением. Укажите номер абзаца, в котором содержится ответ.

Образец:

The market economy is sometimes called the closed economy. False (paragraph 2)

1.Customs or traditions influence the development of the market economy.

2.The street market has much in common with the free market.

3.In the free market, a government controls what is on the market and how much it sells for.

4.Companies can make a profit only by raising their prices.

5.Competition and technology are essential features of the market economy.

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6.If the price of a product is too high and you can't afford it, you will go to a competitor.

7.Technology is the use of human recourses to do jobs in a better way.

Упр. 8. Закончите разделительные вопросы и дайте на них краткие ответы.

1.The market economy is also called the free market, ___?

2.A free market isn't controlled by a government, ___?

3.The market economy controls itself, ___?

4.Profit isn't an incentive for companies to supply what people want, ___?

5.Companies have to compete with each other for a share of the market, ___?

6.To reduce production costs, producers must use advanced technology, ___?

7.A truly free market economy doesn't exist anywhere in the world, ___?

В А Р И А Н Т 5

Упр. 1. (а) Перепишите предложения и переведите их на русский язык. Подчеркните в каждом из них сказуемое в страдательном залоге и укажите его видовременную форму. Обратите внимание на то, что в предложении может быть

несколько сказуемых.
Образец:
Advertising is used to increase sales.	Реклама используется для
 is used – Present Simple	увеличения продаж.

1.The Board of Directors is elected by the company's shareholders at the general meeting.

2.When a new labor contract was being negotiated, the trade union demanded to increase wages of the most low-paid workers.

3.Denmark and the United Kingdom are the only EU members, which have been granted an exemption from using the euro.

4.Computers are increasingly being used in business and banking because they are fast, efficient and accurate.

5.The main principles of market economy were formulated by British economist Adam Smith in the 18th century.

(б) Перепишите предложения, поставив глагол в указанную видовременную форму страдательного залога. Обратите внимание на место наречия в предложении. Переведите предложения на русский язык.

1.The exchange rate of American currency (maintain) at the same level all month long.

(Past Continuous)

2.All types of taxes (divide) into two main groups: direct taxes and indirect taxes. (Present Simple)

3.The Finance Minister noted that the monthly pension (increase) by 30 percent this year.

(Past Perfect)

4.This company's products (still / buy) by customers although the prices (greatly / increase). (Present Continuous / Present Perfect)

5.Short-term financing is money that (use) for one year or less and then (repay). (Future Simple / Future Simple)

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Упр. 2. (a) Преобразуйте предложения из действительного залога в страдательный, начиная каждое предложение с подчеркнутого слова или фразы.

Образец: Heavy taxes hamper the development of business. → The development of business is hampered by heavy taxes.

1.The ledger shows all the expenditures and the earnings of the company.

2.Only by the end of the working day, the business partners had solved all problems.

3.To withstand competition, companies are constantly introducing new products.

4.The bank granted a loan for a two-year term.

5.The company has spent $2 million on advertising.

(б) Преобразуйте предложения из страдательного залога в действительный, начиная каждое предложение с подчеркнутого слова или фразы.

Образец: The growth of unemployment was predicted by the economists. → The economists predicted the growth of unemployment.

1.The financial status of an enterprise is reflected in the financial account.

2.Government subsidies were received by this plant last year.

3.Products of this firm are being widely advertised now in newspapers and on TV.

4.All financial statements of the company will be checked by the tax inspector.

5.A few new services have been introduced by the bank over the past three years.

Упр. 3. Перепишите предложения. К каждому предложению задайте по два вопроса: разделительный и альтернативный.

1.In Brazil, about 70 state-owned enterprises were sold to private investors in the early 1990s.

2.British coins have been minted at the Royal Mint since the 11th century.

3.The delivery of goods will be delayed for approximately seven days.

4.In a planned economy, all the economic decisions are taken by the state.

5.In the developed countries, demand for blue-collar workers is being reduced.

Упр. 4. (a) Перепишите предложения и переведите их на русский язык. Подчеркните модальные глаголы и их эквиваленты.

1.Financial statements are to present a company's financial position and operating results fairly and accurately.

2.In the early days, accountants had to work manually with the help of paper, pencils and erasers. Nowadays, they are able to use computers and accounting programs.

3.As the prices of shares and securities fluctuate, a seller might receive more or less than he paid for them.

4.Taxes are money, which all businesses and individuals have to pay to the government on their earnings.

5.According to the copyright act, nobody is allowed to make copies of a book or a CD without the owner's permission.

(б) Перепишите предложения, заменяя слова в скобках на модальные глаголы или их эквиваленты, данные в рамке. Переведите предложения на русский язык.

will be able to

had to

aren't allowed to

should

weren't able to

1.If you want to succeed in business, you (следует) study economics.

2.In the early 20th century, developing countries (не могли) enter the world market, as there were strong trade barriers.

47

3.The insurance company (пришлось) pay for the equipment damaged in transit.

4.You (cможешь) make a very good profit if you sell your shares at the right time.

5.Some large companies (запрещается) trade their shares to general public.

(в) Выберите один из предложенных вариантов ответа. Запишите свои ответы в таблицу:

1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9	10

1. We ___ to reduce the workforce, perhaps by a process of voluntary redundancies.

a) will have

b) are to

c) is allowed

d) could

2. The accounting department ___ prepare all these statements 3 days ago.

a) is able to

b) must

c) were allowed to

d) was to

3. In order to compete in the market successfully, the company ___ spend enough money on advertising.

	a) must to	b) have to	c) should	d) isn't able to
4.	Today, some office employees ___ to work from home, using Internet-based
	technologies.
	a) are allowed	b) can	c) will be able to	d) don't have
5.	Four Swedish ports are free trade zones where goods ___be stored for an unlimited
	period of time.
	a) is allowed to	b) may	c) will have	d) will be able

6. According to the terms of the contract, the payment for the equipment ___ be effected in Japanese currency.

a) is to

b) should to

c) are able to

d) were to

7. Several decades ago, people ___ travel easily from one European country to another without visas.

a) have to b) couldn't c) aren't allowed to d) wasn't able to

8. In some companies, employees ___ use the Internet for personal purposes during business hours.

a) is not able to b) didn't have to c) aren't allowed to d) must

9. The accounting department ___ prepare all financial statements for tomorrow's auditing.

a) is to

b) are able to

c) don't have to

d) mustn't to

10. Some economists think that such countries as China and Taiwan ___ to overtake the USA in the production of high-tech equipment in the nearest future.

a) was to

b) don't have

c) will be able

d) is allowed

Упр. 5. Прочитайте текст, устно переведите его и письменно выполните послетекстовые упражнения.

Mixed Economy

(1)Most economists agree that there are no examples of a completely free market or a completely controlled economy in the world today. Every country operates a mixture of the two systems. Even in the freest economies like the USA, there is some government control; even in the strictest planned economy, there is some free enterprise.

(2)Economies mix government control and free market in different ways. One way is to let privately owned businesses exist alongside state run industries. The economy becomes divided between the state sector and the private sector. The state sector often includes industries that the government thinks are important and need protection from the risks of the free market. These can include public transport, healthcare, education and the postal service. The state sector

48

can also include large industries that are important for a country's economic health, such as oil, steel or agriculture.

(3)These state sector industries use money collected in taxes. Often they don't have to compete with other companies because no other company is allowed to provide the same product or service. However, many countries have recently started a process called deregulation. Deregulation means freeing up the economy to private businesses to compete with state-run industries. The state sector should then run more efficiently to compete in the free market and because it now has less government protection.

(4)Deregulation of services like telecommunications, transport and banking has happened in many countries lately. People have generally accepted these changes. However, the public is less happy when governments start talking about deregulation in education and health services. Many people feel that profit motivation will harm these services rather than improve them.

(5)Another way in which economies today are mixed is that governments put limits on free enterprise. For example, governments may ban trade in certain goods if they are dangerous. They may also create laws to make sure companies trade honestly or to prevent monopolies. If a company has a monopoly, normal market forces do not affect it. This is bad for consumers and the economy in general. Governments may also regulate methods of production. They do this to guarantee that products are safe for consumers and to protect the environment.

Упр. 6. Сопоставьте термины и их значение. Запишите свои ответы в таблицу:

1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9	10

1.	consumer	a)	an economic system in which prices are determined by
			unlimited competition between private businesses
2.	controlled	b)	ordinary people in society in general
	economy
3.	deregulation	c)	an amount of money that you have to pay to the government
			so that it can pay for public services
4.	free market	d)	a company that has complete control of the product or service
			it provides because it is the only company that provides it
5.	government	e)	an economic system in which some companies are owned by
			the state and some are not.
6.	mixed	f)	the people who control a country and make laws
	economy
7.	monopoly	g)	the removal of controls and restrictions in a particular area of
			business or trade
8.	profit	h)	a person who purchases goods and services for personal use
9.	the public	i)	the money that you make in business after paying the costs
10.	tax	j)	an economic system in which the government controls
			business and the supply of goods in a country

Упр. 7. Перепишите следующие предложения. Напишите «True», если предложение соответствует содержанию текста, и «False», если вы не согласны с данным утверждением. Укажите номер абзаца, в котором содержится ответ.

Образец: Most economists consider that there are no examples of a completely free market. True (paragraph 1)

49

1.The mixed economy exists in all industrialized countries.

2.In the freest economies such as the USA, there is no government control.

3.In the mixed economy, privately owned businesses exist alongside state run industries.

4.The state sector can include industries that aren't important for a country's economic health.

5.The government uses tax money to finance the privately owned businesses.

6.Many countries started a process called deregulation in the early 20th century.

7.Deregulation in education and health services will harm these services rather than improve them.

Упр. 8. Закончите разделительные вопросы и дайте на них краткие ответы.

1.There are no examples of a completely free market or a completely controlled economy today, ___?

2.The state sector includes industries that need protection from the risks of the free market,

___?

3.Governments deregulate some industries to make them more efficient, ___?

4.Deregulation of services like transport and banking has happened in many countries in the recent years, ___.

5.Deregulation of hospitals and schools is not very popular with the public, ___?

6.Governments can ban to trade in dangerous or harmful goods, ___?

7.Profit motivation is what drives businesses in the market economy, ___?

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