Grammar:

Ex. 4. Familiarize yourself with the data of the following table:

Perfect tenses (Active Voice, Affirmative Form)

to have + V₃

Present Perfect Tense	I (you, we, they) He (she, it)	have + V3 has	These cells have divided today. Cell has divided into two ones this week.
Past Perfect Tense	I (he, she, it, you, we, they)	had + V3	Yesterday he had written an article before you came.
Future Perfect Tense	I (we) He (she, it, you, they)	shall have + V3 will have	Tomorrow the cells will have divided into two ones by 3 p.m.

Ex. 5. Read and translate the following sentences:

1. Research works of many scientists have helped to estimate that the rate of heart beat increases depending on the different emotions. 2. They have already performed on some operations. 3. Professor has lately published new book on the functions of the cell. 4. Physicians had determined the cause of disease by 8 o'clock p.m. 5. Tomorrow they will have written an article before you come.

Ex. 6. Put the verbs into correct tense forms:

1. Physiologists (to determine) that new cells are produced by cell division. 2. The scientists (to discuss) the mechanisms and physiological changes occurring during cell division. 3. He (to estimate) that mitosis is the division of the nucleus into two nuclei. 4. Our studies (to show) that one member of each autosomal pair is derived from the person's father, and the other is derived from the mother. 5. Heart transplantation (to become) a routine procedure.

Ex. 7. Translate the following sentences into English:

1. Пацієнт відновив (to restore) своє здоров’я до кінця вересня. 2. Він погано спав до того, як прийшов лікар. 3. Він вже оглянув усіх пацієнтів. 4. Вчені відзначили серйозні зміни в структурі клітини. 5. Ми закінчили свої дослідження щодо (on) поділу клітини.

Modal verbs: should and would

Ex. 8. Match the English sentences with their Ukrainian equivalents. Try to memorize when would is used as a modal verb:

1. He would do it. 2. He wouldn't say where he had picked up the information. 3. That would be her car. 4. Would you please help us? 5. He would sooner die than ask their pardon.

1. Чи не могли б ви допомогти нам? (ввічливе прохання). 2. Він скоріш помре, ніж попросить у них вибачення (віддавати перевагу чомусь). 3. Це, мабуть, її машина (ймовірність). 4. Він дійсно хотів зробити це (наполягання). 5. Він нізащо не хотів говорити, звідки він про це дізнався (бажання).

Ex. 9. Translate the following sentences:

1. A person who was in contact with cholera should be vaccinated. 2. Would you order some medicines for me? 3. You should consult a doctor if the drugs caused any unwanted effects. 4. Now would you like to sit up and I’ll take your blood pressure? 5. The patient should be given an X-ray. 6. She would do a thing like that. She is always borrowing things without asking.

Ex. 10. Put sentences negative and interrogative as in a model:

MODEL:

You should shake the bottle before use.

You shouldn’t shake the bottle before use.

Should I shake the bottle before use?

1. You should take the drug after meals. 2. You should take the drug on an empty stomach. 3. You should keep this medicine in the fridge. 4. You should rub this ointment into the skin. 5. You should eat high-calorie food with limited liquid and salt. 6. You should chew these tablets before swallowing. 7. You should try to do these exercises three times a day, preferably on an empty stomach.